Hibakusha
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hibakusha (被爆者 ) is the term widely used in Japan referring to victims of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Japanese word translates literally to "explosion-affected people."[1] As of March 31, 2008[update], exactly 243,692 living hibakusha were certified by the Japanese government, with an average age of 75.14.[2] Most of them live in Japan, but several thousand live in Korea and elsewhere.
The Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organization (Japanese: Nihon Hidankyo) is a group formed by hibakusha in 1956 with the goals of pressuring the Japanese government to improve support of the victims and lobbying governments for the abolition of nuclear weapons.[3]
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[edit] Law
The Atomic Bomb Survivors Relief Law defines hibakusha as people:
- who were within a few kilometers of the hypocenters of the bombs,
- who were within 2 km of the hypocenters within two weeks of the bombings,
- who were exposed to radiation from fallout, and
- babies carried by pregnant women in any of these categories.[4]
Hibakusha are entitled to government support. They receive a certain amount of allowance per month. They and their children were (and still are) victims of severe discrimination due to lack of knowledge about the consequences of radiation sickness, which people believed to be hereditary or even contagious.[5] About 1%, certified as suffering from bomb-related diseases, receive a special medical allowance.[6]
Each year, on the anniversaries of the bombings, lists of the names of hibakusha whose deaths have been recorded in the previous year are added to the cenotaphs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. As of August 2008, the death tolls stand at 258,310 at Hiroshima,[7] and 145,984 at Nagasaki.[8]
[edit] Book
Studs Terkel's book The Good War has a conversation with two hibakusha. The postscript observes:
| “ | There is considerable discrimination in Japan against the hibakusha. It is frequently extended toward their children as well: socially as well as economically. "Not only hibakusha, but their children, are refused employment," says Mr. Kito. "There are many among them who do not want it known that they are hibakusha. | ” |
[edit] See also
[edit] Health
[edit] People
[edit] Works
- Barefoot Gen (1973 manga series)
- Black Rain (1965 novel)
- Black Rain (1989 film)
- Town of Evening Calm, Country of Cherry Blossoms (2003 manga, 2007 novel and film)
- Hiroshima (2005 documentary/docudrama film)
- White Light/Black Rain: The Destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki (2007 documentary film)
[edit] References
- ^ Hersey, John (1985) Hiroshima. A.A. Knopf, p. 92.
- ^ ""Hiroshima mayor hopes next U.S. president will back ban on nuclear weapons"". Japan Today. 2008-08-06. http://www.japantoday.com/category/national/view/hiroshima-marks-63rd-anniversary-of-atomic-bombing. Retrieved on 2008-08-09.
- ^ "Welcome to HIDANKYO". Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organization (Nihon Hidankyo) website. http://www.ne.jp/asahi/hidankyo/nihon/rn_page/english/index_english/index_english.html. Retrieved on 2007-08-31.
- ^ "Overseas Atomic Bomb Survivors Support Program". Atomic Bomb Survivors Affairs Division Health And Welfare Department Nagasaki prefectural Government. http://www.pref.nagasaki.jp/gentai/zaigai/e/survivor.html. Retrieved on 2007-08-25.
- ^ ""Prejudice haunts atomic bomb survivors"". Japan Times. http://www.nci.org/0new/hibakusha-jt5701.htm. Retrieved on 2007-08-25.
- ^ ""30 A-bomb survivors apply for radiation illness benefits"". Japan Times. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/member.html?appURL=nn20060315a7.html. Retrieved on 2007-08-25.
- ^ ""Hiroshima marks 63rd anniversary of A-bomb"". Asahi Shimbun. 2008-08-07. http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200808070070.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-09.
- ^ ""Thousands remember atomic bombing of Nagasaki on 63rd anniversary"". Mainichi Daily News. 2008-08-10. http://mdn.mainichi.jp/national/news/20080809p2a00m0na009000c.html. Retrieved on 2008-08-09.
- ^ Terkel, Studs (1984). The Good War. Random House. p. 542.
[edit] Books
- Terkel, Studs, The Good War, Random House:New York, 1984. ISBN 0-394-53103-5
- Hersey, John, Hiroshima, A.A. Knopf: New York, 1985. ISBN 0-679-72103-7
[edit] External links
- White Light/Black Rain official website (film)
- Voice of Hibakusha "Eye-witness accounts of the bombing of Hiroshima"
- Hibakusha, fifteen years after the bomb (CBC TV news report)
- Virtual Museum "Hibakusha testimonies, coupled with photographs, memoirs and paintings, give a human face to the tragedy of the A-bombing. Starting in 1986, the Hiroshima Peace Culture Foundation initiated a project to record hibakusha giving testimonies on video. In each year since, the testimonies of 50 people have been recorded and edited into 20-minute segments per person"
- http://hibakusha.hyoho.com/
- The Voice of Hibakusha
- Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission (ABCC)
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation website
