Poetics (Aristotle)
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Aristotle's Poetics (Greek: Περὶ ποιητικῆς, c. 335 BCE) aims to give an account of what he calls 'poetry' (for him, the term includes the lyric, the epos, and the drama). Aristotle attempts to explain 'poetry' through 'first principles' and by discerning its different genres and component elements. His analysis of tragedy constitutes the core of his discussion.[1] "Although Aristotle's Poetics is universally acknowledged in Western critical tradition," Marvin Carlson explains, "almost every detail about his seminal work has aroused divergent opinions."[2]
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Aristotle taught that poetry could be divided into three genres: Tragedy, Comedy, and Epic verse. Poetics focuses mainly on tragedy; a second work by Aristotle focusing on comedy may have been written and subsequently lost. It has been speculated that the Tractatus coislinianus was an outline of his lectures on the subject, or notes from a philosopher in the Aristotelian tradition. The work contains the famous thesis that comedy originated from "those who lead off the phallic processions" that were still common in many towns in Aristotle's time.[3]
The centerpiece of Aristotle's surviving work is his examination of tragedy:
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- Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude; in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being found in separate parts of the play; in the form of action, not of narrative; through pity and fear effecting the proper catharsis of these emotions.[4]
Aristotle distinguishes between the three genres of poetry in three ways: differences in the means, the objects and the modes of their imitations. The means cover language, rhythm, and harmony, used separately or in combination. The objects refer to actions, virtuous or vicious, and the agents, good or bad. As a complete whole in itself having beginning, middle, and end, every tragedy includes six parts: plot (mythos), character (ethos), thought (dianoia), diction (lexis), melody (melos), and spectacle (opsis). The key elements of the plot are reversals (peripeteia), recognitions (anagnorisis) and suffering (pathos). The best form of tragedy, Aristotle argues, has a plot that is what he calls "complex," it imitates actions arousing horror, fear and pity, and the hero's fortune changes from happiness to misery because of some tragic mistake (hamartia) that he or she makes. The horrific deed may be done consciously and knowingly (Medea), or unknowingly with knowledge following after (Oedipus); or it may be left undone, due to timely discovery, or to full knowledge present at the point of doing the deed. The characters must be good, appropriate, consistent, or consistently inconsistent, he argues.
This work combined with the Rhetoric make up Aristotle's works on aesthetics.
[edit] Influence
Poetics was not influential in its time, and was generally understood to coincide with the more famous Rhetoric. This is because in Aristotle's time, rhetoric and poetry were not as separated as they later became and were in a sense different versions of the same thing. In later times, Poetics became hugely influential. The conception of tragedy during the Enlightenment especially owes much to Poetics.
The Arabic version of Aristotle’s Poetics that influenced the Middle Ages was translated from a Greek manuscript dating from before the year 700. This manuscript was translated from Greek to Syriac and is independent of the currently accepted eleventh-century source designated “Paris 1741.”
The Syriac source used for the Arabic translations departed widely in vocabulary from the original Poetics, and it initiated a misinterpretation of Aristotelian thought that continued through the Middle Ages.[5]
There are two different Arabic interpretations of Aristotle’s Poetics in commentaries by Abu Nasr al-Farabi and Averroes (i.e., Abu al-Walid Ibn Rushd).
Al-Farabi’s treatise endeavors to establish poetry as a logical faculty of expression, giving it validity in the Islamic world. Averroes’ commentary attempts to harmonize his assessment of the Poetics with al-Farabi’s, but he is ultimately unable to reconcile his ascription of moral purpose to poetry with al-Farabi’s logical interpretation.
However, Averroes' interpretation of the Poetics was accepted by the West because of its relevance to their humanistic viewpoints, and at times, the philosophers of the Middle Ages even preferred Averroes’ commentary over Aristotle's actual meaning. This resulted in the survival of Aristotle’s Poetics through the Arabic literary tradition.
[edit] Popular culture
The Poetics — both the extant first book and the lost second book — figure prominently in Umberto Eco's novel The Name of the Rose.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Poetics: 1447a13
- ^ Carlson (1993, 16).
- ^ Poetics, 1449a-b; The origins of comedy; Mastromarco, Giuseppe: (1994) Introduzione a Aristofane (Sesta edizione: Roma-Bari 2004). ISBN 8842044482 p. 3.
- ^ From Chapter 6 of Poetics:1449b24-29, SH Butcher transl.
- ^ Hardison, 81.
[edit] References
[edit] Primary sources
[edit] In Greek
- Aristotle's Poetics: Perseus Digital Library edition.
- Greek text from Hodoi elektronikai
- Critical edition (Oxford Classical Texts) by Ingram Bywater
[edit] In English translation
- Thomas Twining, 1789
- Samuel Henry Butcher, 1902: full text
- Ingram Bywater, 1909: full text
- William Hamilton Fyfe, 1926: full text
- L. J. Potts, 1953
- G. M. A. Grube, 1958
- Richard Janko, 1986
- librivox.org audio recording
[edit] Other translations
[edit] Secondary sources
- F. L. Lucas: Tragedy - Serious Drama in Relation to Aristotle's “Poetics” (1957; useful introductory study; many reprints: Collier Books, N.Y. ISBN 0-389-20141-3, Chatto, London ISBN 0-7011-1635-8))
- Belfiore, Elizabeth, S., Tragic Pleasures: Aristotle on Plot and Emotion, Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press, 1992. ISBN 0691068992
- Carlson, Marvin. 1993. Theories of the Theatre: A Historical and Critical Survey from the Greeks to the Present. Expanded ed. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801481546.
- Ari Hiltunen, 2001, Aristotle in Hollywood, Intellect Books, ISBN 1-84150-060-7
- Hardison, O.B., Jr. “Averroes.” Medieval Literary Criticism: Translations and Interpretations. New York: F. Ungar Pub. Co. 1987. 81-88.
- Sampson, C. Michael, Plot and Form in Aristotle's Poetics, The Classical Association of the Middle West and South (CAMWS), 2005.
