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Nico
Nico in 1966 from The Marble Index promotional artwork.
Background information
Birth name	Christa Päffgen
Born	16 October 1938(1938-10-16)
Origin	Cologne, Germany
Died	18 July 1988 (aged 49) Ibiza, Spain
Genre(s)	Art rock, folk, protopunk
Occupation(s)	Singer–songwriter Actress
Instrument(s)	Vocals Harmonium Harpsichord Tambourine Piano
Voice type(s)	Contralto[1]
Years active	1963–1988
Associated acts	The Velvet Underground, John Cale, Lou Reed, Kevin Ayers, John Cooper Clarke, Bob Dylan

Nico (born Christa Päffgen, 16 October 1938 – 18 July 1988) was a German musician, fashion model, actress, and Warhol Superstar. She is renowned for both her tenure in The Velvet Underground and for her work as a solo artist.

Contents 1 Career 1.1 Early life 1.2 Before breakthrough 1.3 Beginning of musical career 1.4 The Velvet Underground and Nico 2 Solo career 2.1 1960s 2.2 1970s 2.3 1980s 3 Philippe Garrel films 4 Death 5 Legacy 6 Discography 6.1 Studio albums 6.2 Live albums 6.3 Compilation albums 6.4 Singles 7 Books 8 Film and play 9 References 10 External links

[edit] Career

[edit] Early life

Nico rose to prominence as a model. After leaving school at the age of thirteen, she started selling lingerie and soon was spotted by fashion insiders. A year later, her mother found her work as a model in Berlin.

While on a modeling assignment in Ibiza, she met the photographer Herbert Tobias, who gave her the name "Nico" after his ex-boyfriend, filmmaker Nikos Papatakis.^{[citation needed]} She soon moved to Paris and worked for Vogue, Tempo, Vie Nuove, Mascotte Spettacolo, Camera, Elle, and other fashion magazines in the late 1950s.

She also claimed to have been briefly hired by Coco Chanel. Through her travels, Nico became fluent in English, Italian, Spanish, and French.

[edit] Before breakthrough

After appearing in several television advertisements, Nico obtained a small role in Alberto Lattuada's film La Tempesta (1958), and then appeared in Rudolph Maté's For the First Time with Mario Lanza later that year.

In 1959, she was invited to the set of Federico Fellini's La Dolce Vita and attracted the attention of the acclaimed director, who gave her a minor role in the film. By this time, she had moved to New York to take acting classes under the guidance of Lee Strasberg.

After splitting her time between New York and Paris, she landed the lead role in Jacques Poitrenaud's Strip-Tease (1963). She recorded the title track, which was produced by Serge Gainsbourg but not released until 2001, when it was included on CD as part of the French compilation Le Cinéma de Serge Gainsbourg.

In 1962 Nico gave birth to her son, Ari Boulogne, who was fathered by French actor Alain Delon. Although the child was raised mostly by Delon's parents, Delon always denied his paternity.

[edit] Beginning of musical career

In 1965, Nico met The Rolling Stones' guitarist, Brian Jones, and recorded her first single, "I'm Not Sayin'" for Andrew Loog Oldham's Immediate label. Actor Ben Carruthers introduced her to Bob Dylan in Paris that summer. It is said that Dylan wrote the song "I'll Keep It with Mine" for her shortly afterwards.

After being introduced by Bob Dylan, she began working with Andy Warhol and Paul Morrissey on their experimental films, including Chelsea Girls, The Closet, Sunset, and Imitation of Christ.

[edit] The Velvet Underground and Nico

After Warhol became manager of The Velvet Underground, he proposed that the group take on Nico as a singer. The group consented with considerable reluctance, for both personal and musical reasons^[2] — John Cale of the group has described Nico as "tone deaf"; despite this, he would go on to play a major role in her solo career.^[3] The group, including Nico, became the musical accompanists for Warhol's Exploding Plastic Inevitable, a multimedia performance featuring film, music, lights and dancers.

Nico sang lead vocals on three songs ("Femme Fatale", "All Tomorrow's Parties" and "I'll Be Your Mirror") and backing vocals on another ("Sunday Morning") on the band's debut record, The Velvet Underground & Nico. Released in 1967, the album went on to prove influential to many future genres, including punk rock and New Wave.

Nico had a short-lived romantic relationship with the main singer and songwriter, Lou Reed. Around this period she was also romantically involved with prominent musicians including Cale, Jim Morrison of The Doors, Jackson Browne, Brian Jones, Tim Buckley, Bob Dylan and Iggy Pop.

Shortly after the album's ensuing tour, Exploding Plastic Inevitable, drew to a close in early 1967, Nico and The Velvet Underground parted ways. Both Reed and John Cale played significant parts in various aspects of her solo career. Over the course of the next 20 years, she recorded a series of critically acclaimed albums, working with the likes of Brian Eno and Phil Manzanera. Cale was particularly involved in her music, producing four of her albums as well as arranging and playing various instruments on the recordings.

[edit] Solo career

[edit] 1960s

For her debut album, 1967's Chelsea Girl, Nico recorded songs by, among others, Bob Dylan, Tim Hardin, Jackson Browne and Velvet Underground members Lou Reed, John Cale and Sterling Morrison, co-writing with Reed and Cale one song, "It Was a Pleasure Then", an eight-minute piece with guitar and violin solos.

Chelsea Girl is a traditional chamber-folk album that influenced the style of artists such as Leonard Cohen, with strings and flute arrangements superimposed by its producer. Nico was not satisfied with the finished album and had little say in production matters.

For her LP The Marble Index, released in 1969, Nico herself wrote the lyrics and the bare bones of the music, which mainly consisted of see-sawing harmonium chords. The arrangements were written by John Cale, who fleshed out Nico's songs with an array of folk and classical instruments. Frazier Mohawk produced the album. Nico's harmonium became her signature instrument for the rest of her career. The album combines classical elements with a European folk sound.

[edit] 1970s

Nico released two more solo albums in the 1970s: Desertshore (1970, again produced by John Cale) and The End (1974, co-produced by Cale and Joe Boyd). Cale played most of the instruments on these records. Nico wrote the music, sang, and played the harmonium. The End also featured Brian Eno on the synthesizer, who also performed on the live album June 1, 1974 with Nico, Cale and Kevin Ayers. She appeared in a special concert at the Rainbow Theatre, in London, which also featured Cale, Eno, and Ayers. The album June 1, 1974 was the result of this concert. Nico performed a lengthy, especially morbid version of the Doors' "The End." at this concert, which was the catalyst for her solo effort The End later that year.

On 13 December 1974, Nico was the support act at Tangerine Dream's infamous concert at Reims Cathedral in Reims, France. The promoter had so greatly oversold the capacity of the venue that members of the audience could not move or reach the outside, eventually resulting in some fans urinating inside the cathedral hall.^[4] The Roman Catholic Church denounced these actions, ordered the rededication of the cathedral and banned future performances on church property.

Nico and Island Records alledgedly had many disputes during this time, and Eno kept them from dropping her, but in 1975 the label let her go.

[edit] 1980s

Nico returned to New York in late 1979 where her comeback concert at CBGB in early 1980 was glowingly reviewed in The New York Times. She began playing regularly at the Mudd Club and other venues with Jim Tisdall accompanying her on harp and Gittler electric guitar, and they went on a sold-out tour of twelve cities in the East and Midwest.

Nico recorded her next studio album, Drama of Exile, in 1981. It was a departure from her earlier work with John Cale and featured a mixture of rock and Middle Eastern arrangements. She recorded her final solo album, Camera Obscura, in 1985, with John Cale back as producer and The Faction (James Young and Graham Dids) an experimental collection that featured Nico's version of the Richard Rodgers/Lorenz Hart song, "My Funny Valentine".

A number of Nico's performances towards the end of her life were recorded and released, including 1982's Heroine, 1986's Behind the Iron Curtain and Live In Tokyo, and her final concert, Fata Morgana, recorded on 6 June 1988, edited extracts of which were also released on Hanging Gardens.

[edit] Philippe Garrel films

Between 1970 and 1979, Nico made about seven films with French director Philippe Garrel. She met Garrel in 1969 and contributed the song "The Falconer" to his film, Le Lit de la Vierge. Soon after, she was living with Garrel and became a central figure in his cinematic and personal circles. Nico's first acting appearance with Garrel occurred in his 1972 film, La Cicatrice Intérieure. Nico also supplied the music for this film and collaborated closely with the director. She also appeared in the Garrel films Anathor (1972); the silent Jean Seberg biopic, Les Hautes Solitudes, released in 1974; Un ange passe (1975); Le Berceau de cristal (1976), starring Pierre Clémenti, Nico and Anita Pallenberg; and Voyage au jardin des morts (1978). His 1991 film J'entends Plus la Guitare is dedicated to Nico.^{[citations needed]}

[edit] Death

Nico was a heroin addict for over 15 years.

In the book Songs They Never Play on the Radio, James Young, a member of Nico's band in the 1980s, recalls many examples of Nico's fiendish behaviour due to addiction. But just before her death she had managed to kick the habit and had embarked on a regimen of exercise and healthy eating.

On 18 July 1988, while on holiday with her son in Ibiza, Spain, Nico had a minor heart attack while riding a bicycle and hit her head as she fell. A passing taxi driver found her unconscious and had difficulty getting her admitted to local hospitals. She was incorrectly diagnosed as suffering from heat-exposure and died the next day. X-rays later revealed a severe cerebral hemorrhage as the cause of death.

Nico was buried in her mother's plot in Grunewald Forest Cemetery in Berlin. A few friends played a tape of "Mütterlein", a song from Desertshore, at her funeral.

[edit] Legacy

Nico has been an influence on many future musicians, namely Siouxsie & the Banshees, Bauhaus, Stevie Nicks, Patti Smith, Morrissey, Björk, Coil, Jocelyn Pook, Fabienne Shine (who covered "All Tomorrow's Parties"), Dead Can Dance as well as numerous contemporary goth bands have all cited Nico as a major influence. Two of her songs, "The Fairest of the Seasons" and "These Days", both written by Jackson Browne and taken from Chelsea Girl, are featured in Wes Anderson's film The Royal Tenenbaums.

Shannon Hoon of Blind Melon named his daughter 'Nico Blue' partly after Nico. Blind Melon's album Nico was released after Hoon's death.

Hedwig and the Angry Inch, a movie written by John Cameron Mitchell, mentions Nico as an influential woman artist in its song, "Midnight Radio". Song is written by Stephen Trask.

The Cult recorded the song "Nico", which celebrates the life of the singer, on their 2001 album Beyond Good And Evil.

For her 2002 album, Kissin' Time, Marianne Faithfull recorded "A Song for Nico", cowritten with Dave Stewart.

Nico was portrayed by Christina Fulton in the 1991 biopic The Doors. She was later portrayed by Meredith Ostrom in the 2006 film, Factory Girl, which chronicles the life of fellow "Warhol Superstar", Edie Sedgwick.

Natasha Khan (AKA Bat for Lashes) has quoted Nico as an influence in particular Desertshore. During 2007 she would start concerts with "Le Petit Chevalier" from that record.^[5]

Singer-songwriter Patrick Wolf has been highly influenced by Nico, and often releases covers of her songs (in particular, 'Afraid' and 'Ari's Song').

The rock band Anberlin named one of their songs after her: "Dance, Dance Christa Päffgen" on their album "Never Take Friendship Personal". The song also makes reference to her death, and her drug use.

Austin based band Shearwater dedicated their album Palo Santo to the memory of Nico. The opening song ("La Dame Et La Licorne") depicts Nico's tragic death at Ibiza, Spain.

Low, an American indie rock group from Duluth, Minnesota, has a song titled "Those Girls (Song For Nico)". It is included on the box set A Lifetime of Temporary Relief: 10 Years of B-Sides and Rarities, released in 2004.^[6][7]

Two Nico tribute concerts took place in Europe in the autumn of 2008 to commemorate the 70th anniversary of Nico's birth and the 20th anniversary of her death. On 11 October 2008, John Cale, James Dean Bradfield (of the Manic Street Preachers), Fyfe Dangerfield of the Guillemots and others appeared on stage at the Royal Festival Hall in London. On 17 October 2008 at the Volksbuehne in Berlin, Nico's ex-boyfriend Lutz Ulbrich presented another tribute concert, which featured Marianne Rosenberg, Soap & Skin, Marianne Enzensberger and James Young, the keyboardist from The Faction, Nico's last band. Nico's son, Ari Boulogne (sometimes called Ari Päffgen), made a brief appearance on stage at the close.

[edit] Discography

[edit] Studio albums

Year	Title
1967	The Velvet Underground & Nico
1967	Chelsea Girl
1969	The Marble Index
1970	Desertshore
1973	The End
1981	Drama of Exile (released in two versions)
1985	Camera Obscura

[edit] Live albums

Year	Title
1974	June 1, 1974
1982	Do or Die: Nico in Europe
1985	Nico Live in Pécs
1986	Live Heroes
1986	Behind the Iron Curtain
1987	Nico in Tokyo
1988	Fata Morgana (Nico's Last Concert)
1989	Hanging Gardens
1994	Heroine
2003	Femme Fatale: The Aura Anthology (Drama of Exile expanded, plus live disc)
2007	All Tomorrow's Parties (live double album)

[edit] Compilation albums

Year	Title
1998	Nico: The Classic Years
2002	Innocent & Vain — An Introduction to Nico
2003	Femme Fatale — The Aura Anthology (Re-issue of Drama of Exile with bonus tracks plus Live at Chelsea Town Hall 9.8.85)
2007	The Frozen Borderline - 1968–1970 (Re-issue of The Marble Index and Desertshore with bonus tracks)

[edit] Singles

Year	Title
1965	I'm Not Sayin' / The Last Mile (45 RPM Single)
1981	Saeta / Vegas (45 RPM Single, Flicknife Records FLS 206)

[edit] Books

• Nico: The Life and Lies of an Icon by Richard Witts, (Virgin Books: London, 1992).
• Up-tight: the Velvet Underground Story by Victor Bockris and Gerard Malanga (Omnibus Press: London, 1995 reprint).
• Songs They Never Play On the Radio by James Young ^{[disambiguation needed]}, (Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd: London, 1992).
• Nico: Photographies by Antoine Giacomoni, (Dragoon: Paris, 2002).
• Nico: Cible mouvante. Chansons, Poèmes, Journal by Nico, Jacques Pauvert and Ari Boulogne, (Pauvert: Paris, 2001).
• L'amour n'oublie jamais by Ari Boulogne, (Pauvert: Paris, 2001).
• Nico: The End by James Young, 1993.
• Please Kill Me: The Uncensored Oral History of Punk by Legs McNeil and Gilliamn Mccain, (Grove Press: New York, 1996).
• LÜÜL: Ein Musikerleben zwischen Agitation Free, Ashra, Nico, der Neuen Deutschen Welle und den 17 Hippies by Lutz Ulbrich (Schwarzkopf & Schwarzkopf: Berlin, 2007).

[edit] Film and play

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Nico

• Nico Icon (1995), documentary directed by Susanne Ofteringer
• Nico Icon Play by Stella Grundy premièred at Studio Salford on 5 September 2007
• Nico. Sphinx aus Eis by Werner Fritsch (2005)

[edit] References

[edit] External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nico (Christa Päffgen)

• Nico Fan GroupA public social networking group for Nico fans
• Habits of Waste, Pt. 1 Evaluation of Nico's early work
• Habits of Waste, Pt. 2 Evaluation of Nico's later work
• Nico, the Voice of Disaffected Youth - Audio story from National Public Radio
• Nico (BBC Radio 4 Woman's Hour audio item)
• Nico at Discogs
• Nico discography at MusicBrainz
• Nico at the Internet Movie Database
• Nico at Find A Grave

v • d • e Nico Studio albums The Velvet Underground & Nico  · Chelsea Girl  · The Marble Index  · Desertshore  · The End  · Drama of Exile  · Camera Obscura Live albums June 1, 1974  · Do or Die: Diary 1982  · Live Heroes  · Behind the Iron Curtain  · Fata Morgana (Nico's Last Concert) Compilation albums Reich Der Träume  · Innocent and Vain: an Introduction to Nico  · Walpurgis-Nacht  · The Frozen Borderline - 1968–1970

Persondata
NAME	Päffgen, Christa
ALTERNATIVE NAMES	Nico
SHORT DESCRIPTION	German model, singer
DATE OF BIRTH	16 October 1938
PLACE OF BIRTH	Cologne, Germany
DATE OF DEATH	18 July 1988
PLACE OF DEATH	Ibiza, Spain