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Reporters Without Borders, or RWB (French: Reporters sans frontières, Spanish: Reporteros Sin Fronteras, or RSF, Chinese: 無國界記者,Persian: گزارشگران بدون مرز, Arabic: مراسلون بلا حدود‎) is a Paris-based international non-governmental organization that advocates freedom of the press. It was founded in 1985 by current Secretary General Robert Ménard, Rony Brauman (then president of Doctors Without Borders) and the journalist Jean-Claude Guillebaud.^[1]

Contents 1 Press freedom 2 Funding 3 Campaigns 3.1 Philippines 3.2 International Online Free Expression Day 4 Worldwide Press Freedom Index 5 Controversy 6 References 7 See also 8 External links

[edit] Press freedom

RWB was founded in Montpellier, France in 1985. At first, the association was aimed at promoting alternative journalism, but before the failure of their project, the three founders stumbled on disagreements between themselves.^[1] Finally, only Robert Ménard stayed and became its Secretary General. Ménard changed the NGO's aim towards freedom of press.^[1]

Reporters Without Borders states that it draws its inspiration from Article 19 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, according to which everyone has "the right to freedom of opinion and expression" and also the right to "seek, receive and impart" information and ideas "regardless of frontiers." This has been re-affirmed by several charters and declarations around the world. In Europe, this right is included in the 1950 Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.

Reporters Without Borders is a founding member of the International Freedom of Expression Exchange, a virtual network of non-governmental organisations that monitors free expression violations worldwide and defends journalists, writers and others who are persecuted for exercising their right to freedom of expression.

In 2005, Reporters Without Borders shared the European Parliament's Sakharov Prize for freedom of thought with Nigerian human rights lawyer Hauwa Ibrahim and Cuba's Ladies in White movement.^[2]

Over the years, RWB has published several books to raise public awareness of threats to press freedom around the world. A recent publication is the Handbook for Bloggers and Cyber-Dissidents,^[3] which was launched in September 2005. The handbook provides technical tips on how to blog anonymously and avoid censorship. It includes contributions from well-known blogger-journalists Dan Gillmor, Jay Rosen and Ethan Zuckerman.

Reporters Without Borders publishes the Predators of Press Freedom list.^[4]

[edit] Funding

According to RWB, its total budget is of €4,000,000, mostly financed by sale of photo-albums (of which the authors freely grant copyright, and which are freely distributed by the Nouvelles Messageries de la presse parisienne, NMPP ^[5]), as well as extras such as T-shirts, etc ^[5].

More than 20% of its funding comes from private groups, such as Sanofi-Aventis (€400,000, 10% of its budget ^[5]), François Pinault, the Fondation de France, the Open Society Institute of George Soros, the Sigrid Rausing Trust, Benetton, or the Center for a Free Cuba (which gives it €64,000).^[5][6]. Furthermore, Saatchi & Saatchi has realized various communication campaigns of RWB for free (for instance, concerning censorship in Algeria^[7]).

Some of its funding (9% of total) comes from governmental organisations.^[8] According to RWB president Robert Ménard, the donations from the French government account for 4,8% of RWB's budget; the total amount of governmental aid being 11% of its budget (including money from the French government, the OSCE, UNESCO and the Organisation internationale de la francophonie).^[9]

Both the NED and the Centre for a Free Cuba are funded by the US Government. However, Daniel Junqua, the vice-president of the French section of RWB (and also vice-president of the NGO Les Amis du Monde diplomatique), claims that the NED's funding, which reachs an amount of €35,000 ^[5], does not compromise RWB's impartiality.^[9]

RSF's Chinese website credits support from Taiwan Foundation for Democracy,^[10] a quasi-government organization funded by the ROC Ministry of Foreign Affairs.^[11]

The NGO, which has 25 full-time employees, pays its director Ménard (as well as a marketing expert, formerly at Price Waterhouse) around €5,000 per month ^[5].

[edit] Campaigns

[edit] Philippines

On August 23, 2007, RWB condemned the continuing threats and violence against Philippine radio commentators who report on organized crime and corruption, following a death threat on RGMA Palawan station manager Lily Uy.^[12] On December 27, 2007, RSF appealed to Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration to forthwith arrest the killers of radio broadcaster Ferdinand Lintuan, 51, the 5th journalist killed in 2007 in the Philippines. As first president of the Davao Association of Sports Journalists he was murdered in Davao City on December 24.^[13]

[edit] International Online Free Expression Day

Reporters Without Borders launched the first International Online Free Expression Day on March 12, 2008.^[14] UNESCO, who initially had granted patronage to that event, withdrew its patronage on March 12 giving as reasons that RWB "published material concerning a number of UNESCO’s Member States, which UNESCO had not been informed of and could not endorse" and that "UNESCO’s logo was placed in such a way as to indicate the Organization’s support of the information presented."^[15][16]

[edit] Worldwide Press Freedom Index

RWB compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organization's assessment of their press freedom records. Small countries, such as Malta and Andorra, are excluded from this report. The 2008 list was published on 21 October 2008.

The report is based on a questionnaire ^[17] sent to partner organizations of Reporters Without Borders (14 freedom of expression groups in five continents) and its 130 correspondents around the world, as well as to journalists, researchers, jurists and human rights activists.^[18]

The survey asks questions about direct attacks on journalists and the media as well as other indirect sources of pressure against the free press. RWB is careful to note that the index only deals with press freedom, and does not measure the quality of journalism. Due to the nature of the survey's methodology based on individual perceptions, there are often wide contrasts in a country's ranking from year to year.

Yearly worldwide press freedom ranking of countries published by Reporters Without Borders

Rank Country Index[clarification needed] Notes 2008 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 1  Iceland 1.50 0.75 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 1  Luxembourg 1.50             1  Norway 1.50 0.75 2.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 4  Estonia 2.00 1.00 2.00 1.50 2.00 2.50   4  Finland 2.00 1.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 4  Republic of Ireland 2.00 2.00 0.50 0.50 0.50 2.83 1.00 7  Belgium 3.00 1.50 4.00 4.00 4.00 1.17 3.50 7  Latvia 3.00 3.00 2.50 1.00 2.25   7  New Zealand 3.00 4.17 5.00 2.00 0.67 2.83   7  Slovakia 3.00 1.00 2.50 0.75 0.50 2.50   7  Sweden 3.00 1.50 4.00 2.00 2.00 1.50 1.50 7  Switzerland 3.00 3.00 2.50 0.50 0.50 2.50 4.25 13  Canada 3.33 4.88 4.50 4.50 3.33 1.83 0.75 14  Austria 3.50 4.25 4.50 2.50 3.25 2.75 7.50 14  Denmark 3.50 2.00 5.00 0.50 0.50 1.00 3.00 16  Czech Republic 4.00 4.00 0.75 1.00 3.50 2.50 11.25 16  Lithuania 4.00 7.00 6.50 4.50 3.00 2.83   16  Netherlands 4.00 3.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 16  Portugal 4.00 2.00 3.00 4.83 4.50 5.17 1.50 20  Germany 4.50 5.75 5.50 4.00 2.00 1.33 1.50 21  Jamaica 4.88 8.63 5.50 7.50 4.17 3.33   22  Costa Rica 5.10 6.50 6.67 8.50 7.63 3.83 4.25 23  Hungary 5.50 4.50 3.00 2.00 6.00 3.33 6.50 23  Namibia 5.50 8.50 6.00 5.50 10.00 11.00 8.00 23  United Kingdom 5.50 8.25 6.50 5.17 6.00 4.25 6.00 26  Suriname 6.00             27  Trinidad and Tobago 6.13 5.00 5.00 2.00 2.00 1.00   28  Australia 6.25 8.79 9.00 6.50 9.50 9.25 3.50 29  Japan 6.50 11.75 12.50 8.00 10.00 8.00 7.50 30  Slovenia 7.33 6.50 3.00 1.00 2.25 3.00 4.00 31  Cyprus 7.50 14.00 7.50 5.50 22.00 20.83   pre-2005 data included Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 31  Ghana 7.50 9.00 8.50 15.00 13.50 8.75 23.00 31  Greece 7.50 9.25 8.00 4.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 31  Mali 7.50 16.50 9.00 8.00 12.83 11.00 12.50 35  France 7.67 9.75 9.00 6.25 3.50 4.17 3.25 36  Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.00 11.17 5.00 7.00 3.67 6.83 12.50 36  Cape Verde 8.00 14.00 11.50 6.00 8.75 8.25 13.75 36  South Africa 8.00 13.00 11.25 6.50 5.00 3.33 7.50 36  Spain 8.00 10.25 10.00 8.33 9.00 7.67 7.75 36  Republic of China (Taiwan) 8.00 10.00 10.50 12.25 14.25 12.00 9.00 36  United States 8.00 14.50 13.00 9.50 4.00 6.00 4.75 42  Macedonia 8.25 11.50 11.50 8.75 11.25 9.67   43  Uruguay 8.33 11.75 13.75 9.75 10.00 4.00 6.00 44  Italy 8.42 11.25 9.90 8.67 9.00 9.75 11.00 45  Croatia 8.50 12.50 13.00 12.83 11.83 16.50 8.75 46  Israel (Israeli territory) 8.83 13.25 12.00 10.00 8.00 8.00 30.00 47  Mauritius 9.00 8.50 8.00 7.50 10.50 7.25 9.50 47  Poland 9.00 18.50 14.00 12.50 6.83 6.17 7.75 47  Romania 9.00 12.75 14.00 16.17 17.83 11.50 13.25 47  South Korea 9.00 12.13 7.75 7.50 11.13 9.17 10.50 51  Hong Kong 9.75 20.00 14.00 8.25 7.50 11.00 4.83 51  Liberia 9.75 25.33 19.00 20.50 40.00 40.00 37.75 53 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 10.00 19.00 14.50 12.50 22.00 20.83   pre-2005 data included Cyprus 53  Montenegro 10.00 19.00 11.50 14.83 20.13 21.33 20.75 pre-2007 data from Serbia and Montenegro 53  Togo 10.00 15.17 15.00 23.75 19.50 27.50 31.50 56  Chile 11.50 12.13 11.63 11.75 10.00 6.83 6.50 57  Panama 11.83 17.88 9.50 15.00 14.50 9.75 15.50 58  Kosovo 12.00 19.75 16.00 25.75 20.13 21.33 20.75 pre-2005 data from Serbia and Montenegro    Grenada       12.00     59  Bulgaria 12.50 16.25 9.00 10.25 8.00 6.50 9.75 59  Nicaragua 12.50 14.25 15.50 15.25 11.67 6.50   61  Kuwait 12.63 20.17 17.00 21.25 31.67 31.33 25.50 62  El Salvador 12.80 20.20 10.00 5.75 6.00 6.83 8.75 63  Burkina Faso 13.00 21.50 16.00 19.00 16.25 18.00 27.75 64  Serbia 13.50 21.00 11.50 14.83 20.13 21.33 20.75 pre-2007 data from Serbia and Montenegro 65  Timor-Leste 13.75 27.00 18.50 13.50 13.50 5.50   66  Botswana 14.00 23.50 13.00 14.00 11.50 13.00   66  Lebanon 14.00 28.75 27.00 28.25 24.38 32.50 19.67 68  Argentina 14.08 24.83 17.30 13.67 21.33 15.17 12.00 69  United Arab Emirates 14.50 20.25 17.50 25.75 50.25 37.00   70  Benin 15.00 17.00 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.25 6.00 70  Malawi 15.00 26.75 25.50 22.75 31.00 21.00 27.67 70  Tanzania 15.00 18.00 19.82 17.50 14.50 16.50 21.25 73  Haiti 15.13 23.50 19.50 33.50 42.13 31.00 36.50 74  Bhutan 15.50 37.17 25.00 51.50 55.83 77.33 90.75 74  Ecuador 15.50 18.50 15.25 21.75 16.50 7.67 5.50 74  Qatar 15.50 24.00 18.00 23.00 32.50 35.00   74  Seychelles 15.50 33.00 24.50 17.00 23.50 26.75 20.75 74  Zambia 15.50 21.50 22.50 23.00 29.75 23.25 26.75 79  Albania 16.00 25.50 18.00 14.17 11.50 6.50   79  Fiji 16.00 33.50 14.00 14.00 16.00 11.50   81  Guinea-Bissau 16.33 33.50 14.50 17.00 23.50 35.25 30.25 82  Brazil 18.00 25.25 17.17 14.50 16.50 16.75 18.75 82  Dominican Republic 18.00 22.75 12.75 12.25 6.75 17.00   82  Tonga 18.00 38.25 13.00 14.50 38.17     85  Central African Republic 18.50 22.50 14.50 19.75 32.50 32.75 21.50 86  Senegal 19.00 25.00 17.50 19.00 21.50 14.50 14.00 87  Ukraine 19.25 26.75 26.50 32.50 51.00 40.00 40.00 88  Guyana 19.75             89  Comoros 20.00 28.00 22.50 22.00 26.50 18.50 20.50 90  Mozambique 20.50 23.00 11.50 10.50 16.25 14.00 23.50 90  Paraguay 20.50 26.10 18.25 15.50 10.50 7.17 8.50 92  Republic of the Congo 20.75 24.50 17.00 17.00 17.50 14.00 23.17 93  Mongolia 20.83 23.40 19.25 12.50 19.00 18.25 24.50 94 Burundi 21.00 43.40 39.83         94  Madagascar 21.00 20.00 15.00 24.50 18.50 8.17 22.75 96  Bahrain 21.17 38.00 28.00 38.75 52.50 35.17 23.00 97  Kenya 21.25 23.75 30.25 30.00 22.25 18.50 24.75 98  Moldova 21.38 24.75 19.17 17.50 20.50 27.00   99  Guinea 21.50 33.50 27.50 26.00 24.50 33.17 26.00 99  Honduras 21.50 25.50 14.50 18.00 11.75 14.17   101  Guatemala 22.64 33.00 21.25 21.50 16.50 30.83 27.25 102  Armenia 22.75 23.63 25.50 26.00 23.50 25.17   102  Turkey 22.75 31.25 25.00 25.00 37.25 35.00 33.50 104  Maldives 23.25 45.17 51.25 58.50 69.17 47.50   105  Mauritania 23.88 15.50 17.50 40.00 51.00 36.67 41.33 106  Tajikistan 25.50 37.00 30.00 33.00 27.75 34.50 28.25 107  Uganda 26.00 28.00 29.83 19.25 24.00 25.75 17.00 108  Peru 26.25 37.38 28.25 33.33 40.00 10.25 9.50 109  Côte d'Ivoire 26.50 27.00 25.00 52.25 60.38 42.17 19.00 110  Gabon 26.75 31.50 28.50 26.00 37.50 31.25 20.50 111  Indonesia 27.00 30.50 26.00 26.00 37.75 34.25 20.00 111  Kyrgyzstan 27.00 33.60 34.00 32.00 35.25 32.00 31.75 113  Venezuela 27.33 36.88 29.00 23.00 24.63 27.83 25.00 114  Sierra Leone 27.75 39.50 26.00 39.50 24.50 23.50 24.50 115  Bolivia 28.20 21.50 4.50 9.67 20.00 9.67 14.50 116  Angola 29.50 26.50 21.50 18.00 26.50 28.00 30.17 116  Lesotho 29.50 29.50 16.00 19.50 29.50 17.75   118  India 30.00 39.33 26.50 27.00 38.50 39.00 26.50 119  United States (extra-territorial) 31.00 36.00 31.50 48.50 36.00 41.00   120  Georgia 31.25 20.83 21.00 25.17 27.50 17.33   121  Algeria 31.33 40.50 40.00 40.33 43.50 33.00 31.00 122  Morocco 32.25 33.25 24.83 36.17 43.00 39.67 29.00 123  Oman 32.67         57.75   124  Thailand 34.50 53.50 33.50 28.00 14.00 19.67 22.75 125  Kazakhstan 35.33 41.63 41.00 36.17 44.17 42.50 42.00 126  Cambodia 35.50 25.33 27.25 23.00 36.50 19.50 24.25 126  Colombia 35.50 42.33 44.75 40.17 47.38 49.17 40.83 128  Jordan 36.00 40.21 27.50 24.00 39.13 37.00 33.50 129  Cameroon 36.90 36.00 28.25 20.50 27.00 30.50 28.83 130  Niger 37.00 25.50 24.50 13.00 18.33 15.75 18.50 131  Nigeria 37.75 49.83 32.23 38.75 37.75 31.50 15.50    Brunei           38.00 132  Malaysia 39.50 41.00 22.25 33.00 39.83 32.00 37.83 133  Chad 41.25 36.50 35.50 30.00 33.25 24.00 28.75 134  Djibouti 41.50 50.25 33.00 37.00 55.00 35.50 31.25 135  Sudan 42.00 55.75 48.13 44.00 44.25 45.75 36.00 136  Bangladesh 42.70 53.17 48.00 61.25 62.50 46.50 43.75 137  Gambia 42.75 48.25 54.00 41.00 29.50 18.25 22.50 138 Nepal 43.25 53.75 73.50 86.75 84.00 51.50 63.00 139  Philippines 45.00 44.75 51.00 50.00 36.63 35.25 29.00 140  Mexico 46.13 53.63 45.83 45.50 27.83 17.67 24.75 141  Russia 47.50 56.90 52.50 48.67 51.38 49.50 48.00 142  Ethiopia 47.75 63.00 75.00 42.00 37.00 37.50 37.50 143  Tunisia 48.10 57.00 53.75 57.50 62.67 50.83 67.75 144  Singapore 49.00 56.00 51.50 50.67 57.00 47.33   145  Rwanda 50.00 58.88 41.00 38.00 37.25 34.25 37.50 146  Egypt 50.25 58.00 46.25 52.00 43.50 34.25 34.50 147  Swaziland 50.50 54.50 40.50 35.00 31.00 37.50 29.00 148  Democratic Republic of the Congo 51.25 50.50 51.00 57.33 51.50 38.50 40.75 149  Israel (extra-territorial) 51.50 32.00 47.00   37.50 49.00   150  Azerbaijan 53.63 55.40 47.00 51.00 49.67 34.50 34.50 151  Zimbabwe 54.00 62.00 50.00 64.25 67.50 45.50 48.25 152  Pakistan 54.88 64.83 70.33 60.75 61.75 39.00 44.67 153  Somalia 58.00 71.50 51.25 59.00 43.50 45.00   154  Belarus 58.33 63.63 57.00 61.33 54.10 52.00 52.17 155  Yemen 59.00 56.67 54.00 46.25 48.00 41.83 34.75 156  Afghanistan 59.25 56.50 44.25 39.17 28.25 40.17 35.50 156  Equatorial Guinea 59.25 65.25 48.00 44.00 46.25 44.75 42.75 158  Iraq 59.38 67.83 66.83 67.00 58.50 37.50 79.00 159  Syria 59.63 66.00 63.00 55.00 67.50 67.50 62.83 160  Libya 61.50 66.50 62.50 88.75 65.00 60.00 72.50 161  Saudi Arabia 61.75 59.75 76.00 66.00 79.17 71.50 62.50 162  Uzbekistan 62.70 74.88 71.00 66.50 52.13 61.50 45.00 163 Palestinian Authority 66.88 69.83 46.75 42.50 43.17 39.25 27.00 164  Laos 70.00 75.00 67.50 66.50 64.33 94.83 89.00 165  Sri Lanka 78.00 67.50 50.75 33.25 36.50 24.83 15.75 166  Iran 80.33 96.50 90.88 89.17 78.30 89.33 48.25 167  People's Republic of China (mainland only) 85.50 89.00 94.00 83.00 92.33 91.25 97.00 168  Vietnam 86.17 79.25 67.25 73.25 86.88 89.17 81.25 169  Cuba 88.33 96.17 95.00 87.00 106.83 97.83 90.25 170  Myanmar 94.38 93.75 94.75 88.83 103.63 95.50 96.83 171  Turkmenistan 95.50 103.75 98.50 93.50 99.83 82.83 91.50 172  North Korea 96.50 108.75 109.00 109.00 107.50 99.50 97.50 173  Eritrea 97.50 114.75 97.50 99.75 93.25 91.50 83.67

[edit] Controversy

The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (February 2008)

An article by self-described "freelance journalist" Diana Barahona, published in Counterpunch newsletter, claimed that Lucie Morillon, RWB's Washington representative, confirmed in an interview on 29 April 2005 that the organization has a contract with US State Department's Special Envoy to the Western Hemisphere, Otto Reich, who signed it in his capacity as a trustee for the Center for a Free Cuba, to inform Europeans about the repression of journalists in Cuba.^[19]

Tensions between Cuban authorities and RWB are high, particularly after the imprisonment in 2003 of 75 dissidents (27 journalists) by the Cuban Government, including Raúl Rivero and Oscar Elías Biscet. RWB describes the Cuban regime as "totalitarian" and engages in direct campaigning against Castro's regime.^[20] RWB has been described as an "ultra-reactionary" organization by the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Cuban Communist Party, Granma.^[20]

Diana Barahona claims that Lucie Morillon, RWB's Washington representative, said in an interview on 29 April 2005 that the organization receives money from the Washington-based Center for a Free Cuba ($50,000 in 2004), and that a contract with the US State Department's Special Envoy to the Western Hemisphere, Otto Reich, requires them to inform Europeans about repression against journalists in Cuba. However, the organisation has denied that its campaigning on the issue of Cuba—in declarations on radio and television, full-page ads in Parisian dailies, posters, leafletting at airports, and an April 2003 occupation of the Cuban tourism office in Paris—were related to the payments.^[21] 1.3% of total funding came from this source.^[22]

A Paris court (tribunal de grande instance) ordered RWB to pay 6,000 Euros to the daughter and heir of Alberto Korda for non-compliance with a court order of 9 July 2003 banning it from using Korda’s famous (and copyrighted) photograph of Ernesto "Che" Guevara in a beret, taken at the funeral of La Coubre victims. RWB said it was "relieved" it was not given a harsher sentence.^[20][23] The face had been superimposed by RSF with that of a May 1968 CRS anti-riot police agent, and the postcard handed out at Orly Airport in Paris to tourists boarding on flights for Cuba. Korda's daughter declared to Granma that "Reporters Without Borders should call themselves Reporters Without Principles."^[24] Headed by Robert Ménard, RWB also burst into the Cuban Tourism Office in Paris on 4 April, 2003, obstructing the running of the office for nearly four hours.^[25][26] On April 24, 2003, RWB organized a demonstration outside the Cuban embassy in Paris.^[25]

RWB claims it has been the target of hostility from the Cuban authorities since the arrest of 75 dissidents in March 2003. Cuba’s representatives have called for the withdrawal of its consultative status with the United Nations. RWB lost its UN approved NGO status for one year in July 2003 at the request of Cuba and Libya, as a result of protests against Libya receiving the chairmanship of the United Nations Human Rights Committee in Geneva, during the committee's opening session.^[27]

An article by John Cherian in the leftist magazine Frontline stated that Cuba accused Robert Ménard, the head of RWB, of having links with the CIA.^[28] The organization has denied the allegation made by Cuba.^[29]

A post by Diana Barahona and Jeb Prague in the online newsletter CounterPunch criticised RWB's reporting of press freedom in Haiti during and after Jean-Bertrand Aristide's presidency, arguing that it was biased.^[30]

Maurice Lemoine in Le Monde diplomatique has criticized RWB's attitude towards Hugo Chávez's government in Venezuela, in particular during the 2002 coup attempt.^[31] In a right of reply, Robert Ménard declared that RWB had also condemned the support of Venezuela media to the coup attempt.^[9]

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• List of indices of freedom
• Chilling effect
• Media transparency
• OSCE countries statistics
• Committee to Protect Journalists
• Without Borders

[edit] External links

• Reporters Without Borders
• Reporters Without Borders. Worldwide press freedom index 2002.
• Reporters Without Borders. Worldwide press freedom index 2003.
• Reporters Without Borders. Worldwide press freedom index 2004.
• Reporters Without Borders. Worldwide press freedom index 2005;
• Reporters Without Borders. Worldwide press freedom index 2006.
• Reporters Without Borders. Worldwide press freedom index 2007.
• Reporters Without Borders. Worldwide press freedom index 2008.
• RSF Press Freedom Index: Independent Assessment or EU Propaganda?, John Rosenthal, Nov 6, 2007
• Coups d’Etat sans frontières, Le Monde, August 2002

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