Prince Rupert's Drop
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Prince Rupert's Drops (also known as Rupert's Balls, Dutch tears[1]) are a glass curiosity created by dripping hot molten glass into cold water. The glass cools into a tadpole-shaped droplet with a long, thin, tail. The water rapidly cools the molten glass on the outside of the drop, while the inner portion of the drop remains significantly hotter. When the glass on the inside eventually cools, it contracts inside the already-solid outer part. This contraction sets up very large compressive stresses on the surface, while the interior of the glass is placed under tension. It can be said to be a kind of tempered glass.
The very high residual stress within the drop gives rise to unusual qualities, such as the ability to withstand a blow from a hammer on the bulbous end without breaking, while the drops will disintegrate explosively if the tail end is even slightly damaged. When this happens, the large amount of potential energy stored in the drop's crystalline or amorphous atomic structure is released, causing fractures to propagate through the material at very high speed.
Recently an examination of the shattering of Prince Rupert's Drops by the use of extremely high speed video[2] done by Dr. Srinivasan Chandrasekar at Purdue University has revealed that the "crack front" which is initiated at the tail end, propagates in a disintegrating drop within the tensile zone towards the drop's head at a very high velocity (~ 1450-1900 m/s, or up to ~4,200 miles per hour).
Due to glass's inherent transparency, the internal stress within these objects can be demonstrated by viewing them through polarizing filters.
The drops were supposedly discovered around the 1640s by Prince Rupert of the Rhine (1619–1682), grandson of James I and the nephew of Charles I of England. Legend has it that the king would often use the drops as a practical joke in his court. He would give a drop to a courtier and then break the tail, causing a small explosion in the hand of the then surprised person.
The drops were apparently investigated by The Royal Society, as immortalized in the Ballad of Gresham College (1663):
| “ | And that which makes their Fame ring louder, With much adoe they shew'd the King |
” |
As they were invented in the Netherlands, the French term for these creations is larme Batavique (Batavian tears). They are a very early precursor of toughened glass.
[edit] Popular culture
- Prince Rupert's Drops were used as a symbolic device in the novel and movie Oscar and Lucinda.
- Despite being set in 1492 (over a century before Prince Rupert's birth) the film Secret Passage used these drops, and used Prince Rupert's name to describe them.
[edit] References
- ^ Amédée Guillemin (1873). The Forces of Nature: A Popular Introduction to the Study of Physical Phenomena. MacMillan & Co.. http://books.google.com/books?id=WOUIAAAAIAAJ.
- ^ http://www.physics.purdue.edu/colloq/99-00/chandrasekar.html
- ^ Stimson, Dorothy. "'Ballad of Gresham College'". Isis volume 18, number 1, 1932. pp. 103-117.
[edit] External links
- Prince Rupert's Drop Video demonstrating the creation, strength, and explosive fragility of a Prince Rupert Drop.
- Instructions for making Prince Rupert's drops, from a Middletown High School chemistry teacher's personal website
- Prince Rupert's Drops in a physics class, from a University of Iowa website
- Video showing the making and the breaking of Prince Rupert's Drops from the Museum of Glass
- [1] Popular Science article with video detailing Prince Rupert’s Drops
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