Freddie Mercury

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Freddie Mercury
Mercury in 1978.
Mercury in 1978.
Background information
Birth name Farrokh Bulsara
Born 5 September 1946(1946-09-05)
Stone Town, Zanzibar
Died 24 November 1991 (aged 45)
Kensington, London, England
Genre(s) Hard rock, progressive rock, heavy metal, pop
Occupation(s) Singer-songwriter, producer
Instrument(s) Vocals, piano, keyboards, guitar
Voice type(s) Baritone,Tenor,Countertenor
Years active 1969–1991
Label(s) Columbia, Polydor, EMI, Parlophone
Hollywood Records (US & Canada)
Associated acts Queen, Wreckage/Ibex

Freddie Mercury (born Farrokh Bulsara) (5 September 1946 – 24 November 1991) was a British singer-songwriter, pianist, guitarist and co-founder of the rock band Queen (inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2001). As a performer, he was known for his vocal prowess and flamboyant performances.[1][2][3] As a songwriter, he composed many international hits, including "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Killer Queen", "Somebody to Love", "Don't Stop Me Now", "We Are the Champions" and "Crazy Little Thing Called Love".

In addition to his work with Queen, he also led a solo career and was occasionally a producer and guest musician (piano or vocals) for other artists. Mercury, who was of Parsi descent and grew up in India, has been referred to as "Britain's first Asian rock star."[4] He died of bronchopneumonia induced by HIV (AIDS) on 24 November 1991, only one day after publicly acknowledging he had the disease. In 2006, Time Asia named him as one of the most influential Asian heroes of the past 60 years,[5] and he continues to be cited as one of the greatest singers in the history of popular music.[6][2]

Contents

[edit] Biography

Mercury was born Farrokh Bulsara, on the island of Zanzibar, off the coast of Tanzania. His parents Bomi and Jer Bulsara,[a] were ethnic Parsis from the Gujarat region of the then province of Bombay Presidency in British India.[7][b] The family surname is derived from the town of Bulsar (also known as Valsad) in southern Gujarat. As Parsis, the family practiced the Zoroastrian religion. The family had moved to Zanzibar in order for his father to continue his job as a cashier at the British Colonial Office. He had one younger sister, Kashmira.[8]

In 1954, at the age of eight, Freddie was shipped to St. Peter's School, a boarding school for boys in Panchgani near Bombay (now Mumbai), India.[9] At St. Peter's, he was a bright student who excelled at several sports. He was especially adept at boxing, with a strong left hook. At school, he formed a popular school band, called The Hectics, for which he played the piano. A friend from the time recalls that he "had an uncanny ability to listen to the radio and replay what he heard on piano."[10] It was also at St. Peter's where he began to call himself "Freddie". Mercury remained in India for most of his childhood, living with his grandmother and aunt. He completed his education in India at St. Mary's (ISC) High School in Mazagon before returning to Zanzibar.

At the age of 17, Mercury and his family fled from Zanzibar as a result of the 1964 Zanzibar Revolution.[4] The family moved into a small house in Feltham, London. Mercury enrolled at Isleworth Polytechnic (now West Thames College) in West London where he studied art. He ultimately earned a Diploma in Art and Graphic Design at Ealing Art College, later using these skills in order to design the Queen crest. Mercury remained a British citizen for the rest of his life.

Following graduation, Mercury joined a series of bands and sold second-hand clothes in the Kensington Market in London. He also held a job at Heathrow airport. Friends from the time remember him as a quiet and shy young man who showed a great deal of interest in music.[11] In 1969 he formed the band Ibex, which was later renamed Wreckage. When this band failed to take off, he joined a second band called Sour Milk Sea. However, by early 1970, this group broke up as well.[12]

In April 1970, Mercury joined with guitarist Brian May and drummer Roger Taylor who had previously been in a band called Smile, and despite reservations from the other members, Mercury chose the name "Queen" for the new band. He later said about the band's name, "I was certainly aware of the gay connotations, but that was just one facet of it."[13] At around this time, he also legally changed his name.[citation needed]

[edit] Influences

As a child, Mercury listened to a considerable amount of Indian music, and one of his early influences was the Bollywood playback singer Lata Mangeshkar, whom he had the opportunity to see live in India.[14] After moving to England, Mercury became a fan of Jim Croce, The Who, Elvis Presley, Led Zeppelin, The Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix, John Lennon, and The Beatles.[15] Another one of Mercury's favourite performers was singer and actress Liza Minnelli. He once explained: "One of my early inspirations came from Cabaret. I absolutely adore Liza Minnelli. The way she delivers her songs—the sheer energy."[16]

[edit] Career

[edit] Singer

Mercury in 1978

Regarded as one of the greatest vocalists and frontmen in the history of music, Mercury's vocal range spanned four octaves (F2[17]-E6[18]). Although his speaking voice naturally fell in the baritone range, he delivered the songs in the tenor range. Biographer David Bret described his voice as "escalating within a few bars from a deep, throaty rock-growl to tender, vibrant tenor, then on to a high-pitched, perfect coloratura, pure and crystalline in the upper reaches."[19] Spanish soprano Montserrat Caballé, with whom Mercury recorded an album, expressed her opinion that "the difference between Freddie and almost all the other rock stars was that he was selling the voice."[20] As Queen's career progressed, he would increasingly alter the highest notes of their songs when live, often harmonising with seconds, thirds or fifths instead. Mercury suffered from vocal fold nodules and claimed never to have had any formal vocal training.[21]

[edit] Songwriter

Mercury wrote ten out of the seventeen songs on Queen's Greatest Hits album: "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Seven Seas of Rhye", "Killer Queen", "Somebody to Love", "Good Old-Fashioned Lover Boy", "We Are the Champions", "Bicycle Race", "Don't Stop Me Now", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" and "Play the Game".

The most notable aspect of his songwriting involved the wide range of genres that he used, which included, among other styles, rockabilly, progressive rock, heavy metal and disco. As he explained in a 1986 interview, "I hate doing the same thing again and again and again. I like to see what's happening now in music, film and theatre and incorporate all of those things."[22] Compared to many popular songwriters, Mercury also tended to write musically complex material. For example, "Bohemian Rhapsody" is acyclic in structure and comprises dozens of chords.[23][24] "Crazy Little Thing Called Love", on the other hand, contains only a few chords. Despite the fact that Mercury often wrote very intricate harmonies, he also claimed that he could barely read music.[25] He wrote most of his songs on the piano and used a wide variety of different key signatures.[23]

[edit] Live performer

Mercury is noted for his live performances, which were often delivered to stadium audiences around the world. He displayed a highly theatrical style that often evoked a great deal of participation from the crowd. A writer for The Spectator described him as "a performer out to tease, shock and ultimately charm his audience with various extravagant versions of himself."[26] David Bowie, who performed at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert and recorded the song "Under Pressure" with Queen said of Mercury, "Of all the more theatrical rock performers, Freddie took it further than the rest." ... "He took it over the edge. And of course, I always admired a man who wears tights. I only saw him in concert once, and as they say, he was definitely a man who could hold an audience in the palm of his hand."[27]

Freddie Mercury with a Brazilian flag during the Rock in Rio concert, 1985.

One of Mercury's most notable performances with Queen took place at Live Aid in 1985, during which the entire stadium audience of 72,000 people clapped, sang, and swayed in unison. Queen's performance at the event has since been voted by a group of music executives as the greatest live performance in the history of rock music. The results were aired on a television program called "The World's Greatest Gigs".[28][29] In reviewing Live Aid in 2005, one critic wrote, "Those who compile lists of Great Rock Frontmen and award the top spots to Mick Jagger, Robert Plant, etc. all are guilty of a terrible oversight. Freddie, as evidenced by his Dionysian Live Aid performance, was easily the most godlike of them all."[30]

Over the course of his career, Mercury performed an estimated 700 concerts in countries around the world with Queen. A notable aspect of Queen concerts was the large scale involved.[22] He once explained, "We're the Cecil B. DeMille of rock and roll, always wanting to do things bigger and better."[22] The band were the first ever to play South American stadiums, breaking worldwide records for concert attendance in the Morumbi Stadium in São Paulo in 1981.[31] In 1986, Queen also played behind the Iron Curtain, when they performed to a crowd of 80,000 in Budapest.[32] Mercury's final live performance with Queen took place on 9 August 1986 at Knebworth Park in England and drew an attendance estimated as high as 300,000.[33]

[edit] Instrumentalist

Freddie Mercury playing guitar during a live concert with Queen in Frankfurt, 1984.

As a young boy in India, Mercury received formal piano training up to Grade IV. Later on, living in London, he'd learn guitar as much of the music he liked was guitar-oriented: his favourite artists at the time were the Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, David Bowie and Led Zeppelin. He was often deprecating about his own skills on both instruments, and from early 1980s onwards started to count extensively on guest keyboardists both for Queen and his solo career. Most notably, he enlisted Fred Mandel (an American musician who also worked for Pink Floyd, Elton John, and Supertramp) for his first solo project, and from 1985 onwards collaborated extensively with Mike Moran, leaving most of the keyboard work exclusively to him.

Mercury played the piano in many of Queen's most popular songs, including "Killer Queen", "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Good Old Fashioned Lover Boy", "We Are the Champions" and "Don't Stop Me Now". He used concert grand pianos and, occasionally, other keyboard instruments such as harpsichord. From 1980 onwards, he also made extensive use of synthesisers in the studio. Queen guitarist Brian May claims that Mercury was unimpressed with his own abilities at the piano and used the instrument less over time[34], because he wanted to walk around onstage and entertain the audience. Although he wrote many lines for guitar, Mercury possessed only rudimentary skills on the instrument. Songs like Ogre Battle and Crazy Little Thing Called Love were composed on guitar; the latter famously featured Mercury playing acoustic rhythm both on stage and in the studio.

[edit] Solo career

In addition to his work with Queen, Mercury put out two solo albums and several singles. Although his solo work was not as commercially successful as most Queen albums, the two off-Queen albums and several of the singles debuted in the top 10 of the UK Album Charts. His first solo effort involved the contribution to the song Love Kills on the 1984 album and new soundtrack to the 1926 Fritz Lang film Metropolis. The song, which was produced by Giorgio Moroder, debuted at the #10 position in the UK charts.[35]

Mercury's two full albums outside the band were Mr. Bad Guy (1985) and Barcelona (1988). The former is a pop-oriented album that emphasises disco and dance music. "Barcelona" was recorded with the opera singer Montserrat Caballé, whom he had long admired. Mr. Bad Guy debuted in the top ten of the UK Album Charts.[35] In 1993, a remix of "Living on My Own", a single from the album, reached the #1 position on the UK Singles Charts.[36] The song also garnered Mercury a posthumous Ivor Novello Award. Allmusic critic Ed Rivadavia describes Mr. Bad Guy as "outstanding from start to finish" and expressed his view that Mercury "did a commendable job of stretching into uncharted territory."[37] In particular, the album is heavily synthesiser-driven in a way that is not characteristic of previous Queen albums.

Barcelona, recorded with Spanish soprano Montserrat Caballé, combines elements of popular music and opera. Many critics were uncertain what to make of the album; one referred to it as "the most bizarre CD of the year."[38] Caballé, on the other hand, considered the album to have been one of the great successes of her career. The title song from the album debuted at the #8 position in the UK charts and was a hit in Spain,[39] where the song received massive air play as the official hymn of the 1992 Summer Olympics (held in Barcelona one year after Mercury's death). Ms. Caballé sang it live at the opening of the Olympics with Mercury's part played in a screen.

In addition to the two solo albums, Mercury released several singles, including his own version of the hit The Great Pretender by The Platters, which debuted at #5 in the UK in 1987.[35] In September 2006, a compilation album featuring Mercury's solo work was released in the UK in honour of what would have been his sixtieth birthday. The album debuted in the top 10 of the UK Album Charts.[40]

[edit] Personal life

In the early 1970s Mercury had a long-term relationship with a girlfriend named Mary Austin (whom he had met through guitarist Brian May). He lived with Austin for many years. However, by the mid-1970s, the singer began an affair with a male record executive at Elektra Records; this ultimately resulted in the end of his relationship with Austin.[41] Mercury and Austin nevertheless remained close friends through the years, with Mercury often referring to her as his only true friend. In a 1985 interview, Mercury said of Austin, "All my lovers asked me why they couldn't replace Mary [Austin], but it's simply impossible. The only friend I've got is Mary, and I don't want anybody else. To me, she was my common-law wife. To me, it was a marriage. We believe in each other, that's enough for me."[42] He also wrote several songs about Austin, the most notable of which is "Love of My Life". Mercury was also the godfather of Mary's eldest son, Richard.[34]

By 1980, Mercury began to frequently visit gay bathhouses and clubs where he met many short-term partners.[43] By 1985, he began another long-term relationship with a hairdresser named Jim Hutton. Hutton, who himself tested HIV-positive in 1990,[44] lived with Mercury for the last six years of his life, nursed him during his illness and was present at his bedside when he died. Hutton also claims that Mercury died wearing a wedding band that Hutton had given him.[44]

Although he cultivated a very flamboyant stage personality, several sources refer to Mercury as having been very shy in person.[20][8][45] He also granted very few interviews. Mercury once said of himself: "When I'm performing I'm an extrovert, yet inside I'm a completely different man."[46]

[edit] Death

According to his partner Jim Hutton, Mercury was diagnosed with AIDS in the spring of 1987.[47] Around that time, Mercury also claimed in an interview to have tested negative for the virus.[20] Despite the denials, the British press pursued the rampant rumours over the next few years, fuelled by Mercury's increasingly gaunt appearance, Queen's absence from touring, and reports from former lovers to various tabloid journals.[48] Toward the end of his life, he was routinely stalked by photographers, while the daily tabloid newspaper The Sun featured a series of articles claiming that he was seriously ill.

On 22 November 1991, Mercury called Queen's manager Jim Beach over to his Kensington home, to discuss a public statement. The next day, 23 November, the following announcement was made to the press on behalf of Mercury:[49]

Following the enormous conjecture in the press over the last two weeks, I wish to confirm that I have been tested HIV positive and have AIDS. I felt it correct to keep this information private to date to protect the privacy of those around me. However, the time has come now for my friends and fans around the world to know the truth and I hope that everyone will join with my doctors and all those worldwide in the fight against this terrible disease. My privacy has always been very special to me and I am famous for my lack of interviews. Please understand this policy will continue.

A little over 24 hours after issuing the statement, Mercury died on 24 November 1991 at the age of 45. The official cause of death was bronchial pneumonia resulting from AIDS.[50] Although he had not attended religious services in years, Mercury's funeral was conducted by a Zoroastrian priest. Elton John, David Bowie, and the remaining members of Queen attended the funeral. He was cremated at Kensal Green Cemetery.

In his will Mercury left the vast majority of his wealth, including his home and recording royalties, to Mary Austin, and the remainder to his parents and sister. He further left £500,000 to his chef Joe Fanelli, £500,000 to his personal assistant Peter Freestone, £100,000 to his driver Terry Giddings, and £500,000 to Jim Hutton.[51] Mary Austin continues to live at Mercury's home, Garden Lodge, Kensington, with her family.[51] Hutton moved back to the Republic of Ireland permanently in 1995, where he still lives. He was involved in a 2000 biography of Mercury, Freddie Mercury, the Untold Story, and also gave an interview for The Times for what would have been Mercury's 60th birthday.cf. [47]

[edit] Criticism and controversy

[edit] HIV status

Mercury had been criticised for the fact that he hid his HIV status from the public for many years, waiting until the day before he died to admit that he had AIDS. It has been suggested that he could have raised a great deal of money and awareness by speaking truthfully and honestly about his situation and his fight against the disease.[27][52]

[edit] Ethnicity

Mercury had also been criticised for having kept his Indian origins a secret from the public. As a journalist from The Times observed, "Freddie himself always played down his Indian origins. In the few interviews he gave, he remained deliberately unclear about them."[4] A close friend of Mercury's father related to biographer David Bret: "[Farrokh] Bulsara was a name he had buried. He never wanted to talk about any period in his life before he became Freddie Mercury, and everything about Freddie Mercury was a self-constructed thing."[53]

[edit] Sexual orientation

While some critics have suggested that Mercury hid his sexual orientation from the public,[4][20][54] other sources refer to the singer as having been "openly gay".[5][55] In fact, Mercury referred to himself as "gay" in a 1974 interview with NME magazine.[56] On the other hand, he would often distance himself from partner Jim Hutton during public events in the 1980s.[44] A writer for a gay online newspaper felt that audiences may have been overly naïve about the matter: "While in many respects he was overtly queer his whole career ('I am as gay as a daffodil, my dear' being one of his most famous quotes), his sexual orientation seemed to pass over the heads of scrutinising audiences and pundits (both gay and straight) for decades."[57] John Marshall of Gay Times expressed the following opinion in 1992: "He [Mercury] was a 'scene-queen', not afraid to publicly express his gayness but unwilling to analyse or justify his lifestyle....It was as if Freddie Mercury was saying to the world, 'I am what I am. So what?' And that in itself was a statement."[57]

[edit] Other controversies

Members of Queen were widely criticised in the 1980s for the fact that they broke a United Nations cultural boycott by performing a series of shows at Sun City in 1984, an entertainment complex in Bophuthatswana, a homeland of (then) apartheid South Africa. As a result of these shows, Queen was placed on a United Nations list of artists who broke the boycott and was widely criticised in magazines such as the NME.[30]

A further controversy ensued in August 2006, when an organisation calling itself the Islamic Mobilization and Propagation petitioned the Zanzibar government's culture ministry, demanding that a large-scale celebration of what would have been Mercury's sixtieth birthday be cancelled. The organisation issued several complaints about the planned celebrations, including that Mercury was not a true Zanzibari and that he was gay, which is not in accordance with their interpretation of sharia. The organisation claimed that "associating Mercury with Zanzibar degrades our island as a place of Islam."[55] The planned celebration was cancelled.

[edit] Legacy

[edit] Appearances in lists of influential individuals

Several popularity polls conducted over the past decade indicate that Mercury's reputation may in fact have been enhanced since his death. For instance, in 2002 he appeared in the 58th spot in a list of the "100 Greatest Britons", sponsored by the BBC and voted for by the public.[58] He was further listed at the 52nd spot in a 2007 Japanese national survey of the 100 most "influential heroes".[59] Despite the fact that he had been criticised by gay activists for hiding his HIV status, author Paul Russell included Mercury in his book "The Gay 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians, Past and Present."[60] Other entertainers on Russell's list included Liberace and Rock Hudson. In 2006, Time Asia magazine named him as one of the most influential Asian heroes of the past 60 years: The article credited Mercury with having "duplicated in popular music what other Indians — such as Salman Rushdie and Vikram Seth — have done in literature: taking the coloniser's art form and representing it in a manner richer and more dazzling than many Anglophones thought possible."[5] Mercury was also included in Rolling Stone's list of the "Top 100 Singers Of All Time", falling at number eighteen.[2]

[edit] Continued popularity

In the UK, Queen have now spent more collective weeks on the UK Album Charts than any other musical act (including The Beatles),[61] and Queen's Greatest Hits is the highest selling album of all time in the UK.[62] Estimates of the band's total worldwide record sales to date have been set as high as 300 million.[63] Two of Mercury's songs, "We Are the Champions" and "Bohemian Rhapsody", have each been voted as the greatest song of all time in major polls by Sony Ericsson[64] and Guinness World Records,[65] respectively. The former poll was an attempt to determine the world's favourite song, while the Guinness poll took place in the UK. In October of 2007, the video for "Bohemian Rhapsody" was voted as the greatest of all time by readers of Q magazine.[66] Mercury was also voted second to Mariah Carey in MTV's 22 Greatest Voices in Music.[5]

The extent to which Mercury's death may have enhanced Queen's popularity is not clear. In the United States, where Queen's popularity had lagged in the 1980s, sales of Queen albums went up dramatically in 1992, the year following his death.[67] In 1992 one American critic noted, "what cynics call the 'dead star' factor had come into play — Queen is in the middle of a major resurgence."[68] The movie Wayne's World, which featured "Bohemian Rhapsody," also came out in 1992.

[edit] Tributes

A statue in Montreux, Switzerland (by sculptor Irena Sedlecka) has been erected as a tribute to Mercury. Beginning in 2003, fans from around the world gather in Switzerland annually to pay tribute to the singer as part of the "Freddie Mercury Montreux Memorial Day" on the first weekend of September.[69] The statue itself stands 3 metres high overlooking Lake Geneva and was unveiled on 25 November 1996 by Freddie's father and Montserrat Caballé. A Royal Mail stamp was issued in honour of Mercury as part of the Millennium Stamp series. A plaque was also erected at the site of the family home in Feltham where Mercury and his family moved upon arriving in England in 1964. Others carried tributes to "the" singer of all time: Robbie Williams and George Michael. In the anime Cromartie High School, a character also named Freddie is based on Mercury in his appearance and rock star qualities. There are also a number of quilt panels within the AIDS Memorial Quilt made in tribute to Freddie, first publicly appearing in the autumn 1992 showing of the Quilt on the Mall in Washington, D.C. The satirical cartoon series House of Rock featured a house in the afterlife inhabited by Freddie Mercury and other deceased stars such as Kurt Cobain and John Lennon. In an episode of the NBC series Chuck, one of the characters names is Farrokh Bulsara (Freddie's birth name).

[edit] Importance in AIDS history

Freddie Mercury's death represented an important event in the history of AIDS.[70] In the spring of 1992, the remaining members of Queen founded The Mercury Phoenix Trust and organised The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert for AIDS Awareness.[71] The Mercury Phoenix Trust has since raised millions of pounds for various AIDS charities. The tribute concert, which took place at Wembley Stadium for an audience of 72,000, featured a wide variety of guests including Robert Plant, Roger Daltrey, Extreme, Elton John, Metallica, David Bowie, Annie Lennox, Tony Iommi, Guns N' Roses, Elizabeth Taylor, George Michael, Def Leppard and Liza Minnelli. The concert was broadcast live to 76 countries and had an estimated viewing audience of 1 billion people, and due to other web based programs such as You Tube, My Space, blogs and the like, has continued to educate people about the legacy of Freddie Mercury.[72]

[edit] Discography

Main article: Freddie Mercury discography
See also: Queen discography

[edit] Instruments used by Mercury

Grand pianos:

Upright pianos:

    

Electronic pianos:

Synthesisers and samplers:

Other keyboard:

    

Guitars:

[edit] Notes

a) ^  On Mercury's birth certificate,[7] his parents defined themselves with "Nationality: British Indian" and "Race: Parsi." The Parsis are an originally Persian ethnic group of the Indian subcontinent who follow Zoroastrianism.
b) ^  The Bulsara family gets its name from Bulsar, a city and district that is now in the Indian state of Gujarat and is today officially known as Valsad. In the 17th century, Bulsar was one of the five centres of the Zoroastrian religion (the other four were also in what is today Gujarat) and consequently "Bulsara" is a relatively common name amongst Zoroastrians.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Dance: Deux the fandango
  2. ^ a b c RollingStone.com - 100 Greatest Singers of All Time
  3. ^ The Great British Battle of the Bands
  4. ^ a b c d Januszczak 1996.
  5. ^ a b c d Fitzpatrick 2006.
  6. ^ Blender Magazine's 22 Greatest Voices
  7. ^ a b "Linda B" 2000.
  8. ^ a b Das 2000.
  9. ^ Freddie Merciry Biography
  10. ^ O'Donnell 2005.
  11. ^ Davis 1996, p. 1,10
  12. ^ Skala 2006.
  13. ^ Highleyman 2005.
  14. ^ Bret 1996, p. 7.
  15. ^ Davis 1996, p. 2.
  16. ^ Rush 1977a
  17. ^ Youtube - Freddie Mercury's Vocal Range
  18. ^ Youtube - The Soprano E (1300 Hz)
  19. ^ Bret 1996, p. 26
  20. ^ a b c d Cain 2006
  21. ^ Rush 1977b
  22. ^ a b c Wenner 2001.
  23. ^ a b Queen 1992.
  24. ^ Aledort 2003.
  25. ^ Coleman 1981.
  26. ^ Blaikie 1996.
  27. ^ a b Ressner 1992.
  28. ^ Minchin 2005.
  29. ^ BBC News 2005b.
  30. ^ a b Harris 2005.
  31. ^ Bret 1996, p. 91.
  32. ^ Pye 1986.
  33. ^ Jones 1999
  34. ^ a b Longfellow 2006.
  35. ^ a b c Rees & Crampton 1999, p. 809.
  36. ^ Rees & Crampton 1999, p. 811.
  37. ^ Rivadavia <not dated>.
  38. ^ Bradley 1992.
  39. ^ Rees & Crampton 1999, p. 810.
  40. ^ ukmusic.com 2006
  41. ^ Teckman 2004, part 2.
  42. ^ Hauptfuhrer 1977.
  43. ^ Teckman 2004, part 3.
  44. ^ a b c Hutton 1994.
  45. ^ O'Donnell 2005.
  46. ^ Myers 1991.
  47. ^ a b Teeman 2006.
  48. ^ Bret 1996, p. 138.
  49. ^ Bret 1996, p. 179.
  50. ^ Biography Channel 2007.
  51. ^ a b Wigg 2000.
  52. ^ Sky 1992, p. 163.
  53. ^ Bret 1996, p. 20.
  54. ^ Landesman 2006.
  55. ^ a b BBC News 2006.
  56. ^ Webb 1974, but on several other occasions he referred to himself as bisexual, a description seemingly supported by his long-term relationship with Mary Austin ("I play on the bisexual thing" being another famous quote.
  57. ^ a b Urban <not dated>.
  58. ^ BBC News 2002.
  59. ^ "James" 2007.
  60. ^ Russell 2002.
  61. ^ BBC 2005a.
  62. ^ Brown 2006.
  63. ^ Cota 2006.
  64. ^ Haines 2005.
  65. ^ CNN 2002.
  66. ^ BBC News 2007
  67. ^ RIAA 2007.
  68. ^ Brown 1992.
  69. ^ Bishton 2004
  70. ^ National AIDS Trust 2006.
  71. ^ Stothard 1992.
  72. ^ ABC Television 2007.

[edit] Bibliography

  • Boyce, Simon (1995), Freddie Mercury, Bristol: Parragon, ISBN 0752511054 
  • Bradley, J. (20 July 1992), "Mercury soars in opera CD: Bizarre album may be cult classic", The Denver Post (Denver: MNG) 
  • Bret, David (1996), Living On the Edge: The Freddie Mercury Story, London: Robson Books, ISBN 1861052561 
  • Brown, G. (19 April 1992), "Queen's popularity takes ironic turn", The Denver Post (Denver: MNG) 
  • Clarke, Ross (1991), Freddie Mercury: A Kind of Magic, Oxted: Kingsfleet Publications, ISBN 1874130017 
  • Evans, David; Minns, David (1992), Freddie Mercury: This is the Real Life, London: Britannia, ISBN 0951993712 
  • Freestone, Peter (1998), Mister Mercury, London: Tusitala, ISBN 0953334100 
  • Freestone, Peter (1999), Freddie Mercury: An Intimate Memoir By the Man Who Knew Him Best, London: Omnibus Press, ISBN 0711978010 
  • Gunn, Jacky; Jenkins, Jim (1992), Queen: As It Began, London: Sidgwick & Jackson, ISBN 0330332590 
  • Hutton, Jim; Waspshott, Tim (1994), Mercury and Me, London: Bloomsbury, ISBN 0747519225 
  • Jackson, Laura (1997), Mercury: The King of Queen, London: Smith Gryphon, ISBN 1856851329 
  • Longfellow, Matthew, dir. (21 March 2006), Classic Albums: Queen: The Making of "A Night at the Opera", Aldershot: Eagle Rock Entertainment 
  • Hudson, Jeffrey (1995), Freddie Mercury & Queen, Chessington, Surrey: Castle Communications, ISBN 1860740404 
  • Mercury, Freddie; Brooks, Greg; Lupton, Simon (2006), Freddie Mercury: A life, In His Own Words, London: Mercury Songs, ISBN 0955375804 
  • Queen (1992), "Bohemian Rhapsody", Queen: Greatest Hits: Off the Record, Eastbourne/Hastings: Barnes Music Engraving, ISBN 0863599508 
  • Rees, Dafydd; Crampton, Luke (1999), Summers, David, ed., The Rock Stars Encyclopedia, London: Dorling Kindersley 
  • Russell, Paul (2002), The Gay 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Gay Men and Lesbians, Past and Present, Seacaucus: Kensington/Citadel, ISBN 0758201001 
  • Sky, Rick (1992), The Show Must Go On, London: Fontana, ISBN 0006378433 
  • Taraporevala, Sooni (2004), Parsis: The Zoroastrians of India: A Photographic Journey (2nd ed.), Woodstock/New York: Overlook Press, ISBN 1-58567-593-8 
  • Teckman, Kate, dir. (2004), Freddie's Loves, London: North One Television  *part 2* *part 3*
  • Wenner, Jann, et. al. (2001), "Queen", Hall of Fame Inductees, Cleveland: Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 

[edit] Further reading

Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Freddie Mercury
Sister project Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Freddie Mercury
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Persondata
NAME Mercury, Freddie
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Bulsara, Farrokh Bomi (real name)
SHORT DESCRIPTION British South Asian rock musician
DATE OF BIRTH 5 September 1946
PLACE OF BIRTH Zanzibar
DATE OF DEATH 24 November 1991
PLACE OF DEATH Kensington, London, England

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mercury"
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