List of Presidents of the United States

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"Presidents of the United States" and "US Presidents" redirect here. For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation).
The White House, the president's home and office

The President of the United States is the head of state and the head of government of the United States. As chief of the executive branch and head of the federal government as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the United States by influence and recognition. The president is also the Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. armed forces. The president is indirectly elected to a four-year term by an Electoral College (or by the House of Representatives should the Electoral College fail to award an absolute majority of votes to any person). Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected to the office of the president more than twice.[1] Upon death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent President, the Vice President assumes the office. This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the ratification of the United States Constitution, which took effect in 1789. For American leaders before this ratification, see President of the Continental Congress. The list does not include any Acting Presidents under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

There have been forty-three people sworn into office, and forty-four presidencies, due to the fact that Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is counted chronologically as both the twenty-second and the twenty-fourth president. Of the individuals elected as president, four died in office of natural causes, one resigned, and four were assassinated. The first president was George Washington, who was inaugurated in 1789 after a unanimous Electoral College vote. William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office at 32 days. At over twelve years, Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest time in office, and is the only president to serve more than two terms. The current president is Barack Obama; he became president on January 20, 2009.

Contents

Presidents

  • Parties

      None       Federalist       Democratic-Republican       Democratic       Whig       Republican

#[n 1] President Took office Left office Party Vice President Term
1 George Washington
[2][3][4][5]		 April 30, 1789 March 4, 1797 No party John Adams 1
2
2 John Adams
[6][7][8][9]		 March 4, 1797 March 4, 1801 Federalist Thomas Jefferson 3
3 Thomas Jefferson
[10][11][12][13]		 March 4, 1801 March 4, 1809 Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr 4
George Clinton 5
4 James Madison
[14][15][16][17]		 March 4, 1809 March 4, 1817 Democratic-Republican George Clinton[n 2] 6
vacant
Elbridge Gerry[n 2] 7
vacant
5 James Monroe
[18][19][20][21]		 March 4, 1817 March 4, 1825 Democratic-Republican Daniel D. Tompkins 8
9
6 John Quincy Adams
[22][23][24][25]		 March 4, 1825 March 4, 1829 Democratic-Republican
National Republican		 John C. Calhoun 10
7 Andrew Jackson
[26][27][28][29]		 March 4, 1829 March 4, 1837 Democratic John C. Calhoun[n 3] 11
vacant
Martin Van Buren 12
8 Martin Van Buren
[30][31][32][33]		 March 4, 1837 March 4, 1841 Democratic Richard Mentor Johnson 13
9 William Henry Harrison
[34][35][36][37]		 March 4, 1841 April 4, 1841[n 2] Whig John Tyler 14
10 John Tyler
[38][39][40][41]		 April 4, 1841 March 4, 1845 Whig
No party[n 4]		 vacant
11 James K. Polk
[42][43][44][45]		 March 4, 1845 March 4, 1849 Democratic George M. Dallas 15
12 Zachary Taylor
[46][47][48][49]		 March 4, 1849 July 9, 1850[n 2] Whig Millard Fillmore 16
13 Millard Fillmore
[50][51][52][53]		 July 9, 1850 March 4, 1853 Whig vacant
14 Franklin Pierce
[54][55][56][57]		 March 4, 1853 March 4, 1857 Democratic William R. King[n 2] 17
vacant
15 James Buchanan
[58][59][60][61]		 March 4, 1857 March 4, 1861 Democratic John C. Breckinridge 18
16 Abraham Lincoln
[62][63][64][65]		 March 4, 1861 April 15, 1865[n 5] Republican
National Union[n 6]		 Hannibal Hamlin 19
Andrew Johnson 20
17 Andrew Johnson
[66][67][68][69]		 April 15, 1865 March 4, 1869 Democratic
National Union[n 6]		 vacant
18 Ulysses S. Grant
[70][71][72][73]		 March 4, 1869 March 4, 1877 Republican Schuyler Colfax 21
Henry Wilson[n 2] 22
vacant
19 Rutherford B. Hayes
[74][75][76][77]		 March 4, 1877 March 4, 1881 Republican William A. Wheeler 23
20 James A. Garfield
[78][79][80][81]		 March 4, 1881 September 19, 1881[n 5] Republican Chester A. Arthur 24
21 Chester A. Arthur
[82][83][84][85]		 September 19, 1881 March 4, 1885 Republican vacant
22 Grover Cleveland
[86][87][88][89]		 March 4, 1885 March 4, 1889 Democratic Thomas A. Hendricks[n 2] 25
vacant
23 Benjamin Harrison
[90][91][92][93]		 March 4, 1889 March 4, 1893 Republican Levi P. Morton 26
24 Grover Cleveland
(2nd term)
[86][87][88][89]		 March 4, 1893 March 4, 1897 Democratic Adlai E. Stevenson I 27
25 William McKinley
[94][95][96][97]		 March 4, 1897 September 14, 1901[n 5] Republican Garret Hobart[n 2] 28
vacant
Theodore Roosevelt 29
26 Theodore Roosevelt
[98][99][100][101]		 September 14, 1901 March 4, 1909 Republican vacant
Charles W. Fairbanks 30
27 William Howard Taft
[102][103][104][105]		 March 4, 1909 March 4, 1913 Republican James S. Sherman[n 2] 31
vacant
28 Woodrow Wilson
[106][107][108][109]		 March 4, 1913 March 4, 1921 Democratic Thomas R. Marshall 32
33
29 Warren G. Harding
[110][111][112][113]		 March 4, 1921 August 2, 1923[n 2] Republican Calvin Coolidge 34
30 Calvin Coolidge
[114][115][116][117]		 August 2, 1923 March 4, 1929 Republican vacant
Charles G. Dawes 35
31 Herbert Hoover
[118][119][120][121]		 March 4, 1929 March 4, 1933 Republican Charles Curtis 36
32 Franklin D. Roosevelt
[122][123][124][125]		 March 4, 1933 April 12, 1945[n 2] Democratic John Nance Garner 37
38
Henry A. Wallace 39
Harry S. Truman 40
33 Harry S. Truman
[126][127][128][129]		 April 12, 1945 January 20, 1953 Democratic vacant
Alben W. Barkley 41
34 Dwight D. Eisenhower
[130][131][132][133]		 January 20, 1953 January 20, 1961 Republican Richard Nixon 42
43
35 John F. Kennedy
[134][135][136][137]		 January 20, 1961 November 22, 1963[n 5] Democratic Lyndon B. Johnson 44
36 Lyndon B. Johnson
[138][139][140][141]		 November 22, 1963 January 20, 1969 Democratic vacant
Hubert Humphrey 45
37 Richard Nixon
[142][143][144][145]		 January 20, 1969 August 9, 1974[n 3] Republican Spiro Agnew[n 3] 46
47
vacant
Gerald Ford
38 Gerald Ford
[146][147][148][149]		 August 9, 1974 January 20, 1977 Republican vacant
Nelson Rockefeller
39 Jimmy Carter
[150][151][152][153]		 January 20, 1977 January 20, 1981 Democratic Walter Mondale 48
40 Ronald Reagan
[154][155][156][157]		 January 20, 1981 January 20, 1989 Republican George H. W. Bush 49
50
41 George H. W. Bush
[158][159][160][161]		 January 20, 1989 January 20, 1993 Republican Dan Quayle 51
42 Bill Clinton
[162][163][164][165]		 January 20, 1993 January 20, 2001 Democratic Al Gore 52
53
43 George W. Bush
[166][167][168][169]		 January 20, 2001 January 20, 2009 Republican Dick Cheney 54
55
44 Barack Obama
[170][171][172]		 January 20, 2009 Incumbent   Democratic   Joe Biden 56

Notes

  1. ^ The numerals indicate the consecutive time in office served by a single person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Gerald Ford assumed the presidency after the resignation of Richard Nixon, serving out the remainder of what would have been Nixon's second term. The fact that Ford was not voted into office does not affect the numbering, which makes him the 38th president. In addition, under this numbering Grover Cleveland is counted twice, having served non-consecutive terms.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Died in office of natural causes.
  3. ^ a b c Resigned.
  4. ^ Former Democrat who ran for Vice President on Whig ticket. Clashed with Whig congressional leaders and was expelled from the Whig party in 1841.
  5. ^ a b c d Assassinated.
  6. ^ a b Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were, respectively, a Republican and a Democrat who ran on the National Union ticket in 1864.

See also

References

  1. ^ "The Constitution: Amendments 11-27". U.S. National Archives & Records Administration. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html. Retrieved on 2008-10-01. 
  2. ^ The White House (March 12, 2007). "Biography of George Washington". Whitehouse.gov. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgewashington/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  3. ^ "The First President: 1789–1797 George Washington "Father of his Country"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/washington_george.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  4. ^ "George Washington – Independent Party – 1st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/washington. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  5. ^ "George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/gwashington.asp. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  6. ^ "Biography of John Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnadams/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  7. ^ "The Second President: 1797–1801 John Adams "Following in the Footsteps"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/adams_john.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  8. ^ "John Adams – Federalist Party – 2nd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/adams. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  9. ^ "John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=2. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  10. ^ "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/thomasjefferson/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  11. ^ "The Third President: 1801–1809 Thomas Jefferson "The Renaissance Leader"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/jefferson_thomas.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  12. ^ "Thomas Jefferson – Democratic-Republican Party – 3rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/jefferson. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  13. ^ "Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=3. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  14. ^ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmadison/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  15. ^ "The Fourth President: 1809–1817 James Madison "The Nation Builder"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/madison_james.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  16. ^ "James Madison – Democratic-Republican Party – 4th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/madison. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  17. ^ "James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=4. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  18. ^ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmonroe/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  19. ^ "The Fifth President: 1817–1825 James Monroe "The Era of Good Feelings"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/monroe_james.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  20. ^ "James Monroe – Democratic-Republican Party – 5th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/monroe. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  21. ^ "James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=5. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  22. ^ "Biography of John Quincy Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnquincyadams/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  23. ^ "The Sixth President: 1825–1829 John Quincy Adams "Born to Lead"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/adams_johnquincy.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  24. ^ "John Quincy Adams – Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, WHIG Party – 6th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/johnqadams. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  25. ^ "John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=6. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  26. ^ "Biography of Andew Jackson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/andrewjackson/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  27. ^ "The Seventh President: 1829–1837 Andrew Jackson "Old Hickory"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/jackson_andrew.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  28. ^ "Andrew Jackson – Democratic-Republican Party – 7th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/jackson. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  29. ^ "Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=7. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  30. ^ "Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/martinvanburen/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  31. ^ "The Eighth President: 1837–1841 Martin Van Buren "The Red Fox"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/vanburen_martin.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  32. ^ "Martin Van Buren – Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil Party – 8th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/vanburen. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  33. ^ "Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=8. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  34. ^ "Biography of William Henry Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhenryharrison/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  35. ^ "The Ninth President: 1841–1841 William Henry Harrison "Old Tippecanoe"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/harrison_william.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  36. ^ "William Henry Harrison – WHIG Party – 9th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/williamhenryharrison. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  37. ^ "William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=9. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  38. ^ "Biography of John Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johntyler/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  39. ^ "The Tenth President: 1841–1845 John Tyler "His Accidency"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/tyler_john.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  40. ^ "John Tyler – No Party – 10th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/tyler. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  41. ^ "John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=10. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  42. ^ "Biography of James Polk". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamespolk/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  43. ^ "The Eleventh President: 1845–1849 James Knox Polk "The Dark Horse"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/polk_james.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  44. ^ "James Polk – Democratic Party – 11th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/polk. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  45. ^ "James K. Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=11. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  46. ^ "Biography of Zachary Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/zacharytaylor/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  47. ^ "The Twelfth President: 1849–1850 Zachary Taylor "Old Rough-and-Ready"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/taylor_zachary.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  48. ^ "Zachary Taylor – WHIG Party – 12th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/taylor. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  49. ^ "Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=12. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  50. ^ "Biography of Millard Fillmore". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/millardfillmore/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  51. ^ "The Thirteenth President: 1850–1853 Millard Fillmore "Forgotten Leader"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/fillmore_millard.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  52. ^ "Millard Filmore – WHIG Party – 13th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/fillmore. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  53. ^ "Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=13. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  54. ^ "Biography of Franklin Pierce". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklinpierce/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  55. ^ "The Fourteenth President: 1853–1857 Franklin Pierce "Overwhelmed by Events"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/fillmore_millard.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  56. ^ "Franklin Pierce – Democratic Party – 14th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/pierce. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  57. ^ "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=14. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  58. ^ "Biography of James Buchanan". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesbuchanan/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  59. ^ "The Fifteenth President: 1857–1861 James Buchanan "An American Hero"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/buchanan_james.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  60. ^ "James Buchanan – Democratic Party – 15th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/buchanan. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  61. ^ "James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=15. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  62. ^ "Biography of Abraham Lincoln". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/abrahamlincoln/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  63. ^ "The Sixteenth President: 1861–1865 Abraham Lincoln "The Great Emancipator"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/lincoln_abraham.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  64. ^ "Abraham Lincoln – Republic, National Union Party – 16th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/lincoln. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  65. ^ "Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=16. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  66. ^ "Biography of Andrew Johnson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/andrewjohnson/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  67. ^ "The Seventeenth President: 1865–1869 Andrew Johnson "Between North and South"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/johnson_andrew.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  68. ^ "Andrew Johnson – National Union Party – 17th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/andrewjohnson. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  69. ^ "Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=17. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  70. ^ "Biography of Ulysses S. Grant". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ulyssessgrant/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  71. ^ "The Eighteenth President: 1869–1877 Ulysses Simpson Grant "The Hero as Politician"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/grant_ulysses.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  72. ^ "Ulysses S. Grant – National Union Party – 18th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/grant. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  73. ^ "Ulysses S. Grant (April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=18. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  74. ^ "Biography of Rutherford B. Hayes". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/rutherfordbhayes/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  75. ^ "The Nineteenth President: 1877–1881 Rutherford Birchard Hayes "Striving For A Fresh Start"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/hayes_rutherford.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  76. ^ "Rutherford B. Hayes – Republican Party – 19th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/hayes. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  77. ^ "Rutherford B. Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=19. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  78. ^ "Biography of James Garfield". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesgarfield/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  79. ^ "The Twentieth President: 1881–1881 James Abram Garfield "The Preacher"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/garfield_james.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  80. ^ "James Garfield – Republican Party – 20th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/garfield. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  81. ^ "James A. Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=20. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  82. ^ "Biography of Chester Arthur". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/chesterarthur/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  83. ^ "The Twenty-First President: 1881–1885 Chester Alan Arthur "The Self-Reformer"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/garfield_james.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  84. ^ "Chester A. Arthur – Republican Party – 21st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/arthur. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  85. ^ "Chester A. Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=21. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  86. ^ a b "Biography of Grover Cleveland". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/grovercleveland/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  87. ^ a b "The Twenty-Second President: 1885–1889 The Twenty-Fourth President: 1893–1897 Grover Cleveland "The Self-Reformer"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/cleveland_grover.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  88. ^ a b "Grover Cleveland – Democratic Party – 22nd and 24th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/cleveland. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  89. ^ a b "Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=22. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  90. ^ "Biography of Benjamin Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/benjaminharrison/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  91. ^ "The Twenty-Third President: 1889–1893 Benjamin Harrison "Presidential Grandson"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/cleveland_grover.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  92. ^ "William Henry Harrison – Whig Party – 23rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/benjaminharrison. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  93. ^ "Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=23. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  94. ^ "Biography of William McKinley". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williammckinley/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  95. ^ "The Twenty-Fifth President: 1897–1901 William McKinley "Bridge to a New Century"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/mckinley_william.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  96. ^ "William McKinley – Republican Party – 25th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/mckinley. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  97. ^ "William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=24. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  98. ^ "Biography of Theodore Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/theodoreroosevelt/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  99. ^ "The Twenty-Sixth President: 1901–1909 Theodore Roosevelt "The Giant in the Bully Pulpit"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/roosevelt_theodore.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  100. ^ "Theodore Roosevelt – Republican, Bull Moose Party – 26th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/teddyroosevelt. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  101. ^ "Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=25. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  102. ^ "Biography of William Howard Taft". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamhowardtaft/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  103. ^ "The Twenty-Seventh President: 1909–1913 William Howard Taft "Reluctant Leader"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/taft_william.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  104. ^ "William Howard Taft – Republican Party – 27th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/taft. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  105. ^ "William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=26. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  106. ^ "Biography of Woodrow Wilson". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/woodrowwilson/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  107. ^ "The Twenty-Eighth President: 1913–1921 Woodrow Wilson "Prophet Without Honor"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/wilson_woodrow.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  108. ^ "Woodrow Wilson – Democratic Party – 28th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  109. ^ "Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=27. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  110. ^ "Biography of Warren G. Harding". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/warrenharding/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  111. ^ "The Twenty-Ninth President: 1921–1923 Warren Gamaliel Harding "Prophet Without Honor"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/harding_warren.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  112. ^ "Warren Harding – Republican Party – 29th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  113. ^ "Warren G. Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=28. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  114. ^ "Biography of Calvin Coolidge". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/calvincoolidge/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  115. ^ "The Thirtieth President: 1923–1929 Calvin Coolidge "The New Englander"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/coolidge_calvin.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  116. ^ "Calvin Coolidge – Republican Party – 30th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  117. ^ "Calvin Coolidge (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=29. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  118. ^ "Biography of Herbert Hoover". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/herberthoover/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  119. ^ "The Thirty-First President: 1929–1933 Herbert Clark Hoover "The Great Engineer"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/hoover_herbert.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  120. ^ "Herbert Hoover – Republican Party – 31st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/wilson. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  121. ^ "Herbert Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=30. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  122. ^ "Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 20, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/franklindroosevelt/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  123. ^ "The Thirty-Second President: 1933–1945 Franklin Delano Roosevelt "New Dealer and Global Warrior"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/roosevelt_franklin.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  124. ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt – Democratic Party – 34th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/fdr. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  125. ^ "Franklin D. Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=31. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  126. ^ "Biography of Harry S Truman". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/harrystruman/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  127. ^ "The Thirty-Third President: 1945–1953 Harry S. Truman "The Buck Stopped Here"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/truman_harry.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  128. ^ "Harry S. Truman – Democratic Party – 33rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/fdr. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  129. ^ "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=32. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  130. ^ "Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/dwightdeisenhower/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  131. ^ "The Thirty-Fourth President: 1953–1961 Dwight David Eisenhower "I Like Ike"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/eisenhower_dwight.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  132. ^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower – Democratic Party – 34th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/eisenhower. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  133. ^ "Dwight D. Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=33. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  134. ^ "Biography of John F. Kennedy". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/johnfkennedy/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  135. ^ "The Thirty-Five President: 1961–1963 John Fitzgerald Kennedy "Inspiring A Generation"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/kennedy_john.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  136. ^ "John F. Kennedy – Republican Party Party – 35th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/kennedy. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  137. ^ "John F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=34. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  138. ^ "Biography of Lyndon B. Johnson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/lyndonjohnson/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  139. ^ "The Thirty-Sixth President: 1963–1969 Lyndon Baines Johnson "So Close To Greatness"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/johnson_lyndon.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  140. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson – Democratic Party – 36th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/kennedy. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  141. ^ "Lyndon B. Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=35. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  142. ^ "Richard M. Nixon". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/richardnixon/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  143. ^ "The Thirty-Seventh President: 1969–1974 Richard Milhous Nixon "The Road to Watergate"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/nixon_richard.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  144. ^ "Richard Nixon – Republican Party – 37th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/nixon. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  145. ^ "Richard M. Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=36. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  146. ^ "Biography of Gerald R. Ford". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/geraldford/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  147. ^ "The Thirty-Eighth President: 1974–1977 Gerald Rudolph Ford "A Time for Healing"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ford_gerald.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  148. ^ "Gerald Ford – Republican Party – 38th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/ford. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  149. ^ "Gerald R. Ford (July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=37. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  150. ^ "Biography of Jimmy Carter". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jimmycarter. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  151. ^ "The Thirty-Ninth President: 1977–1981 James Earl Carter "Not a Politician"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/ford_gerald.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  152. ^ "Jimmy Carter – Democratic Party – 39th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/ford. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  153. ^ "Jimmy Carter (October 1, 1924 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=38. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  154. ^ "Biography of Ronald Reagan". Whitehouse.gov. June 25, 2008. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/ronaldreagan/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  155. ^ "The Fortieth President: 1981–1989 Ronald Wilson Reagan "The Great Communicator"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/reagan_ronald.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  156. ^ "Ronald Reagan – Republican Party – 40th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/ford. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  157. ^ "Ronald Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=39. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  158. ^ "Biography of George Herbert Walker Bush". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgehwbush/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  159. ^ "The Forty-First President: 1989–1993 George Herbert Walker Bush "The Last Cold Warrior"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/bush_george_sr.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  160. ^ "George H. W. Bush – Republican Party – 41st President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/georgebush. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  161. ^ "George Bush (June 12, 1924 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=40. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  162. ^ "Biography of William J. Clinton". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/williamjclinton/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  163. ^ "The Forty-Second President: 1993–2001 William Jefferson Clinton "Prosperity And Turmoil"". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/clinton_bill.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  164. ^ "Bill Clinton – Democratic Party – 42nd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/billclinton. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  165. ^ "Bill Clinton (August 19, 1946 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=41. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  166. ^ "Biography of President George W. Bush". Whitehouse.gov. February 25, 2007. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/georgewbush/. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  167. ^ "The Forty-Third President: 2001–present George Walker Bush". American Heritage. Forbes. http://www.americanheritage.com/people/presidents/bush_george_jr.shtml. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  168. ^ "George W. Bush – Republican Party – 43rd President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/georgewbush. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  169. ^ "George W. Bush (July 6, 1946 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=42. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 
  170. ^ "President Barack Obama". Whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2009. http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/president_obama/. Retrieved on January 20 2009. 
  171. ^ "Barack Obama – Democratic Party – 44th President – American Presidents". History. http://www.history.com/presidents/obama. Retrieved on January 12 2009. 
  172. ^ "Barack Obama (August 4, 1961 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. http://americanpresidents.org/presidents/president.asp?PresidentNumber=43. Retrieved on January 12, 2009. 

External links

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