Howard Gardner

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Howard Earl Gardner

Born July 11, 1943 (1943-07-11) (age 65)
Scranton, Pennsylvania
Nationality American
Fields Psychology
Institutions Harvard University
Alma mater Harvard College
Known for theory of multiple intelligences
Influences Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner, Nelson Goodman[1]

Howard Earl Gardner (born July 11, 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania) is an American psychologist who is based at Harvard University. He is best known for his theory of multiple intelligences.[1]

Contents

[edit] Life

In 1938, Howard Gardner's Jewish parents fled from persecution in Nazi Germany with their first son, Eric; he died in an accident shortly before Howard was born.[2] As Gardner grew up, neither of these events was discussed, but they were linked to his parents' refusal to allow him to play sports during school. By the age of 13, he had become an outstanding pianist (he considered a career in music). He achieved the rank of Eagle Scout.

Howard Gardner entered Harvard in 1961 with the intention of majoring in history, but under the influence of Erik Erikson he changed his major to social relations (a combination of psychology, sociology, and anthropology) with a particular interest in clinical psychology. He again changed his field of interest after encountering cognitive psychologist Jerome Bruner and the writing of Jean Piaget. He wrote a senior thesis at Harvard on a new California retirement community.[2]

After finishing his Ph.D. at Harvard in 1971 with a disseration on style sensitivity in children,[2] Gardner continued to work at Harvard, establishing with Nelson Goodman a research team on arts education known as Project Zero. Founded in 1967, Project Zero is devoted to the systematic study of artistic thought and creativity in the arts, as well as humanistic and scientific disciplines, at both individual and institutional levels. Gardner remains involved in the project.

In 1981, Howard Gardner was awarded a MacArthur Prize Fellowship. He is currently Hobbs Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education and adjunct professor of neurology at the Boston University School of Medicine.[2]

[edit] Multiple intelligences

Multiple intelligences is an idea that maintains there exist many different types of "intelligences" ascribed to human beings. In response to the question of whether or not measures of intelligence are scientific, Gardner suggests that each individual manifests varying levels of different intelligences, and thus each person has a unique "cognitive profile." The theory was first laid out in Gardner's 1983 book, Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, and has been further refined in subsequent years. In 1999 Gardner lists seven intelligences as linguistic, logic-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily kinaesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal.

[edit] Primary Works

Gardner is the author of many books, notably:

  • The Quest for Mind: Jean Piaget, Claude Levi-Strauss and the Structuralist Movement - New York: Knopf, 1973
  • The Shattered Mind - New York: Knopf, 1975
  • Artful Scribbles: The Significance of Children's Drawings - New York: Basic Books, 1980
  • Art, Mind and of Multiple Intelligence (1983) ISBN 0-465-02510-2 (1993 ed.)
  • The Mind's New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution - New York: Basic Books, 1985
  • To Open Minds: Chinese Clues to the Dilemma of Contemporary Education - New York: Basic Books, 1989
  • The Unschooled Mind: How Children Think and How Schools Should Teach (1991) ISBN 0-465-08896-1 (1993 ed.)
  • Creating Minds: An Anatomy of Creativity Seen Through the Lives of Freud, Einstein, Picasso, Stravinsky, Eliot, Graham, and Gandhi (1994) ISBN 0-465-01454-2
  • Multiple Intelligences: The Theory in Practice (1993) ISBN 0-465-01822-X (1993 ed.)
  • Leading Minds: An Anatomy of Leadership - New York: Basic Books, 1995.
  • Intelligence: Multiple Perspectives - Orlando: Harcourt, 1996.
  • Extraordinary Minds: Portraits of Exceptional Individuals and an Examination of our Extraordinariness - New York: Basic Books, 1997
  • Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century - New York: Basic Books, 1999
  • The Disciplined Mind: What All Students Should Understand - New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999
  • Multiple Intelligences After Twenty Years, 2003. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, Chicago, Illinois, April 21, 2003. [3]
  • Five Minds for the Future - Harvard Business School Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1591399124
  • Responsibility at Work - Jossey-Bass, 2007.

As well as an audio dialogue with Daniel Goleman as part of the "Wired to Connect: Dialogues on Social Intelligence" series:

  • "Good Work: Aligning Skills and Values" - More Than Sound Productions[4] 2008

See below for research into validity of Gardner's theory:

  • Bennett, M. (2000). Self-estimates and population estimates of ability in men and women. Australian Journal of Psychology, 52, 23–28.

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Ellen Winner, "The History of Howard Gardner" [1] (accessed July 2007)
  2. ^ a b c d Mark K. Smith, "Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences," The Encyclopedia of Informal Education (2002, 2008) [2] (accessed February 2009)

http://www.howardgardner.com/docs/One%20Way%20of%20Making%20a%20Social%20Scientist.pdf

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Gardner"
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