Mumia Abu-Jamal

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Wesley Cook
Born April 24, 1954 (1954-04-24) (age 54)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Alias(es) Mumia Abu-Jamal
Conviction(s) First degree murder
Penalty Previously death, to be re-sentenced to death or life without parole
Status Incarcerated
Occupation Journalist/activist

Mumia Abu-Jamal (born Wesley Cook on April 24, 1954) is an American who was convicted and sentenced to death for the 1981 murder of police officer Daniel Faulkner.[1] Before his arrest he was a Black Panther Party activist, cab driver, and journalist. Since his conviction, his case has received international attention and he has become a controversial cultural icon. Supporters and opponents disagree on the appropriateness of the death penalty, whether he is guilty, or whether he received a fair trial.[2][3][4] During his imprisonment he has published several books and other commentaries, notably Live from Death Row. On April 6, 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled that his original conviction of 28 years ago would stand.[5] A separate appeal by prosecutors to reinstate the death penalty has not yet been heard.[6] In 2008, a three-judge panel of the U.S. 3rd Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the murder conviction, but ordered a new capital sentencing hearing over concerns that the jury was improperly instructed.[5] Since 1995, Abu-Jamal has been incarcerated at Pennsylvania's SCI Greene[7] near Waynesburg, where most of the state’s capital case inmates are held.

Contents

Early life and activism

Abu-Jamal's father died when Abu-Jamal was nine years old.[8] Abu-Jamal was given the name Mumia in 1968 by his high school teacher, a Kenyan instructing a class on African cultures in which students took African classroom names.[9] He claims that 'Mumia' means "Prince" and was the name of anti-colonial African nationalists conducting warfare against the British in Kenya at the time of Kenya's independence movement.[10] He adopted the surname Abu-Jamal ("father of Jamal" in Arabic) after the birth of his son Jamal on July 18, 1971.[9][11] His first marriage at age 19, to Jamal's mother, Biba, was short-lived.[12] Their daughter, Lateefa, was born shortly after the wedding.[13] Mazi, Abu-Jamal's son by his second wife, Marilyn (known as "Peachie"),[11] was born in early 1978.[14] Abu-Jamal separated from Marilyn and commenced living with his third and current wife, Wadiya, shortly before the events that led to his incarceration.[15]

Involvement with the Black Panthers

Black Panther Party logo

In his own writings, Abu-Jamal describes his adolescent experience of being "kicked ... into the Black Panther Party" after suffering a beating from white racists and a policeman for his efforts to disrupt a George Wallace for President rally in 1968.[16] The following year, at the age of 15, he helped form the Philadelphia branch of the Black Panther Party,[17] taking appointment, in his own words, as the chapter's "Lieutenant of Information", exercising a responsibility for authoring propaganda and news communications. In one of the interviews he gave at the time he quoted Mao Zedong, saying that "political power grows out of the barrel of a gun".[18] That same year, he dropped out of Benjamin Franklin High School and took up residence in the branch's headquarters.[17] He spent late 1969 in New York City and early 1970 in Oakland, living and working with BPP colleagues in those cities.[19] He was a party member from May 1969 until October 1970 and was subject to Federal Bureau of Investigation COINTELPRO surveillance from then until about 1974.[20]

Education and journalism career

After leaving the Panthers he returned to his old high school, but was suspended for distributing literature calling for "black revolutionary student power".[21] He also led unsuccessful protests to change the school name to Malcolm X High.[21] After attaining his GED, he studied briefly at Goddard College in rural Vermont.[22]

By 1975 he was pursuing a vocation in radio newscasting, first at Temple University's WRTI and then at commercial enterprises.[21] In 1975, he was employed at radio station WHAT and he became host of a weekly feature program of WCAU-FM in 1978.[23] He was also employed for brief periods at radio station WPEN, and became active in the local chapter of the Marijuana Users Association of America.[23] From 1979 he worked at WUHY public radio station until 1981 when he was asked to submit his resignation after a dispute about the requirements of objective focus in his presentation of news.[23] As a radio journalist he earned the moniker "the voice of the voiceless" and was renowned for identifying with and giving exposure to the MOVE anarcho-primitivist commune in Philadelphia's Powelton Village neighborhood, including reportage of the 1979–80 trial of certain of its members (the "MOVE Nine") charged with the murder of police officer James Ramp.[23] At the time of the killing of Daniel Faulkner, Abu-Jamal was working as a taxicab driver in Philadelphia.[24] He was also the outgoing President of the Philadelphia Association of Black Journalists,[25] and had been working part-time as a reporter for WDAS,[23] then an African-American-oriented and minority-owned radio station.[26]

Arrest for murder and trial

Main article: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Mumia Abu-Jamal
Daniel Faulkner

On December 9, 1981, in Philadelphia, close to the intersection at 13th and Locust Streets, Philadelphia Police Department officer Daniel Faulkner was shot and killed during a traffic stop. The stopped vehicle belonged to William Cook, Abu-Jamal's younger brother. In the altercation, Abu-Jamal was wounded by a shot from Faulkner, collapsed on the sidewalk, and was apprehended by the police. He was taken directly from the scene of the shooting to Thomas Jefferson University Hospital where he received treatment for his injuries. He was later charged with the first-degree murder of Daniel Faulkner.[27]

The case went to trial in June 1982 in Philadelphia. Judge Albert F. Sabo initially agreed to Abu-Jamal's request to represent himself, with criminal defense attorney Anthony Jackson acting as his legal advisor. During the first day of the trial this decision was reversed and Jackson was ordered to resume acting as Abu-Jamal's sole advocate by reason of what the judge deemed to be intentionally disruptive actions on Abu-Jamal's part.[28]

Prosecution case at trial

The prosecution presented four witnesses to the court. Robert Chobert, a cab driver, identified Abu-Jamal as the shooter.[29] Cynthia White, a prostitute, claimed to see a man emerge from a nearby parking lot and shoot Faulkner.[30] Michael Scanlon, a motorist, testified that from two car lengths away, he saw a man, matching Abu-Jamal's description, run across the street from a parking lot and shoot Faulkner.[31] Albert Magilton, a pedestrian who did not see the actual killing, testified to witnessing Faulkner pull over Cook's car. At the point of seeing Abu-Jamal start to cross the street toward them from the parking lot, Magilton turned away and lost sight of what happened next.[32]

The prosecution also presented two witnesses who were present at the hospital after the altercation. Hospital security guard Priscilla Durham and Police Officer Garry Bell testified that Abu-Jamal confessed in the hospital by saying, "I shot the mother fucker, and I hope the mother fucker dies."[33]

A .38 caliber Charter Arms revolver, belonging to Abu-Jamal, with five spent cartridges was retrieved at the scene. The shell casings and rifling characteristics of the weapon were consistent with bullet fragments taken from Faulkner's body.[34] Tests to confirm Abu-Jamal had handled and fired the weapon were not performed; Abu-Jamal's struggle with the police during his arrest would have made the potential results scientifically unreliable.[35]

Defense case at trial

The defense maintained that Abu-Jamal was innocent of the charges and that the testimony of the prosecution's witnesses was unreliable.

The defense presented nine character witnesses, including poet Sonia Sanchez who testified that Abu-Jamal was "viewed by the black community as a creative, articulate, peaceful, genial man".[36] Another defense witness, Dessie Hightower, testified that he saw a man running along the street shortly after the shooting although he did not see the actual shooting itself.[37] His testimony contributed to the development of a "running man theory", based on the possibility that a "running man" may have been the actual shooter. Veronica Jones also testified for the defense but she did not see anyone running.[38] Other potential defense witnesses refused to appear in court.[39] Abu-Jamal did not testify in his own defense.

Verdict and sentence

The jury delivered a unanimous guilty verdict after three hours of deliberations.

In the sentencing phase of the trial, Abu-Jamal read to the jury from a prepared statement. He was then cross-examined about issues relevant to the assessment of his character by Joseph McGill, the prosecuting attorney.[40] In his statement Abu-Jamal criticized his attorney as a "legal trained lawyer" who was imposed on him against his will and who "knew he was inadequate to the task and chose to follow the directions of this black-robed conspirator, [Judge] Albert Sabo, even if it meant ignoring my directions". He claimed that his rights had been "deceitfully stolen" from him by the judge, particularly focusing on the denial of his request to receive defense assistance from John Africa (who was not an attorney) and being prevented from proceeding pro se. He quoted remarks of John Africa and declared himself "innocent of these charges".[41]

Abu-Jamal was subsequently sentenced to death by the unanimous decision of the jury.[42]

Post-trial claims

Since the sentence, new claims contradicting the trial evidence have surfaced.

Eighteen years after the slaying, Arnold Beverly claimed that, "wearing a green (camouflage) army jacket", he had run across the street and shot Daniel Faulkner as part of a contract killing because Faulkner was interfering with graft and payoff to corrupt police.[43] Private investigator George Newman claimed in 2001 that Chobert had recanted his testimony.[44] Cynthia White either died in 1992 or disappeared,[45] and it was subsequently alleged that she falsified her testimony.[46] Kenneth Pate, a stepbrother of Priscilla Durham who was imprisoned with Abu-Jamal on other charges, has since claimed that Durham admitted to not hearing the hospital confession.[47] The hospital doctors have claimed that Abu-Jamal was not capable of making such a dramatic bedside confession at that time.[8]

In his version of events, detailed in a sworn statement almost 20 years afterwards, Abu-Jamal claimed that he was sitting in his cab across the street when he heard shouting, then saw a police vehicle, then heard the sound of gunshots. Upon seeing his brother appearing disoriented across the street, Abu-Jamal ran to him from the parking lot and was shot by a police officer. The statement fails to explain the gun that was found near Abu-Jamal at the crime scene nor the corresponding firearms shoulder holster he was found to be wearing at the time of his arrest.[48] William Cook did not testify or make any statement until 2001 when he claimed that he had not seen who had shot Faulkner.[49]

Appeals and review

State appeals

Direct appeal of his conviction was considered and denied by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania on March 6, 1989,[50] subsequently denying rehearing.[51] The Supreme Court of the United States denied his petition for writ of certiorari on October 1, 1990,[52] and denied his petition for rehearing twice up to June 10, 1991.[53][54]

PA Gov. Ridge signed the death warrant in 1995.

On June 1, 1995 his death warrant was signed by Pennsylvania Governor Tom Ridge.[54] Its execution was suspended while Abu-Jamal pursued state post-conviction review. At the post-conviction review hearings, new witnesses were called. William "Dales" Singletary testified that he saw the shooting and that the gunman was the passenger in Cook's car.[55] Singletary's account contained discrepancies which rendered it "not credible" in the opinion of the court.[54][56] William Harmon, a convicted fraudster, testified that Faulkner's murderer fled in a car which pulled up at the crime scene, and could not have been Abu-Jamal.[57] However, Robert Harkins testified that he had witnessed a man stand over Faulkner as the latter lay wounded on the ground, who shot him point-blank in the face and then "walked and sat down on the curb".[58][59]

The six judges of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania ruled unanimously that all issues raised by Abu-Jamal, including the claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, were without merit.[60] The Supreme Court of the United States denied a petition for certiorari against that decision on October 4, 1999, enabling Governor Ridge to sign a second death warrant on October 13, 1999. Its execution in turn was stayed as Abu-Jamal commenced his pursuit of federal habeas corpus review.[54]

In 2008, the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania rejected a further request from Abu-Jamal for a hearing into claims that the trial witnesses perjured themselves on the grounds that he had waited too long before filing the appeal.[61][62]

Federal ruling directing resentencing

"Free Mumia" / "Cop killer" Graffiti.

Judge William H. Yohn Jr. of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania upheld the conviction but voided the sentence of death on December 18, 2001, citing irregularities in the original process of sentencing.[54] Particularly,

"...the jury instructions and verdict sheet in this case involved an unreasonable application of federal law. The charge and verdict form created a reasonable likelihood that the jury believed it was precluded from considering any mitigating circumstance that had not been found unanimously to exist."[54]

He ordered the State of Pennsylvania to commence new sentencing proceedings within 180 days[63] and ruled that it was unconstitutional to require that a jury's finding of circumstances mitigating against determining a sentence of death be unanimous.[64] Eliot Grossman and Marlene Kamish, attorneys for Abu-Jamal, criticized the ruling on the grounds that it denied the possibility of a trial de novo at which they could introduce evidence that their client had been framed.[65] Prosecutors also criticized the ruling; Maureen Faulkner (Officer Faulkner's widow) described Abu-Jamal as a "remorseless, hate-filled killer" who would "be permitted to enjoy the pleasures that come from simply being alive" on the basis of the judgment.[66] Both parties appealed.

Federal appeal

On December 6, 2005, the Third Circuit Court admitted four issues for appeal of the ruling of the District Court:[67] 1) in relation to sentencing, whether the jury verdict form had been flawed and the judge's instructions to the jury had been confusing; 2) in relation to conviction and sentencing, whether racial bias in jury selection existed to an extent tending to produce an inherently biased jury and therefore an unfair trial (the Batson claim); 3) in relation to conviction, whether the prosecutor improperly attempted to reduce jurors' sense of responsibility by telling them that a guilty verdict would be subsequently vetted and subject to appeal; 4) in relation to post-conviction review hearings in 1995–6, whether the presiding judge, who had also presided at the trial, demonstrated unacceptable bias in his conduct.

The Third Circuit Court heard oral arguments in the appeals on May 17, 2007, at the United States Courthouse in Philadelphia. The appeal panel consisted of Chief Judge Anthony Joseph Scirica, Judge Thomas Ambro, and Judge Robert Cowen. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania sought to reinstate the sentence of death, on the basis that Yohn's ruling was flawed, as he should have deferred to the Pennsylvania Supreme Court which had already ruled on the issue of sentencing, and the Batson claim was invalid because Abu-Jamal made no complaints during the original jury selection. Abu-Jamal's counsel told the Third Circuit Court that Abu-Jamal did not get a fair trial because the jury was both racially-biased and misinformed, and the judge was a racist.[68] (Court stenographer Terri Maurer-Carter stated in a 2001 affidavit that the presiding judge had exclaimed, "Yeah, and I'm going to help them fry the nigger", in the course of a conversation regarding Abu-Jamal's case.[69][70] Judge Sabo denied making such a comment.[71])

On March 27, 2008, the three-judge panel issued a majority 2–1 opinion upholding Yohn's 2001 opinion but rejecting the bias and Batson claims, with Judge Ambro dissenting on the Batson issue. If the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania chooses not to hold a new hearing, Abu-Jamal will be automatically sentenced to life in prison.[72][73] On July 22, 2008, Abu-Jamal's formal petition seeking reconsideration of the decision by the full Third Circuit panel of 12 judges was denied.[74]

On April 6, 2009, the United States Supreme Court ruled that his original conviction of 28 years ago would stand.[5] The separate appeal by prosecutors to reinstate the death penalty has not yet been heard.[6]

Life as a prisoner

In May 1994, Abu-Jamal was engaged by National Public Radio's All Things Considered program to deliver a series of monthly 3-minute commentaries on crime and punishment.[75] The broadcast plans and commercial arrangement were canceled following condemnations from, amongst others, the Fraternal Order of Police[76] and US Senator Bob Dole (R-KS).[77] The commentaries later appeared in print in May 1995 as part of Live from Death Row.[78]

In 1999, he was invited to deliver the keynote address for the graduating class at The Evergreen State College. The event was protested heavily.[79] In 2000, he gave a commencement address at Antioch College.[80] The New College of California School of Law has presented him with an honorary degree "for his struggle to resist the death penalty".[81]

With occasional interruptions due to prison disciplinary actions—and in one instance even an act of sabotage by a prison— Abu-Jamal has for many years been a regular commentator on an online broadcast, sponsored by Prison Radio,[82] as well as a regular columnist for a Marxist newspaper in Germany, junge Welt. In 1995, he was punished with solitary confinement for engaging in entrepreneurship contrary to prison regulations. Subsequent to the airing of the 1996 HBO documentary Mumia Abu-Jamal: A Case for Reasonable Doubt?, which included footage from visitation interviews conducted with him, the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections acted to ban outsiders from using any recording equipment in state prisons.[22] In litigation before the US Court of Appeals in 1998 he successfully established his right to write for financial gain in prison. The same litigation also established that the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections had illegally opened his mail in an attempt to establish whether he was writing for financial gain.[83] When, for a brief time in August 1999, he began delivering his radio commentaries live on the Pacifica Network's Democracy Now! weekday radio newsmagazine, prison staff severed the connecting wires of his telephone from their mounting in mid-performance.[22]

His publications include Death Blossoms: Reflections from a Prisoner of Conscience, in which he explores religious themes, All Things Censored, a political critique examining issues of crime and punishment, and We Want Freedom: A Life in the Black Panther Party, which is a history of the Black Panthers drawing on autobiographical material.

Popular support and opposition

Concert at a Free Mumia demonstration in Germany, 2007
Anti-Abu-Jamal T-shirt sold in the Philadelphia area[84]

An international movement has allied in support of Abu-Jamal's cause. The opposition has coalesced about the family of Daniel Faulkner, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the Fraternal Order of Police.[85]

Support

His supporters protest at perceived injustice or deplore the death penalty in his and other cases. The list of people and organizations who are concerned about this case includes labor unions, [86][87][88][89] the Partisan Defense Committee, [90] US and foreign city governments,[91] politicians,[4] advocates,[92] educators,[93] the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund,[21] human rights advocacy organizations such as Human Rights Watch[94] and Amnesty International,[2] and celebrities, such as the rock band Rage Against the Machine.

Abu-Jamal has been made an honorary citizen of about 25 cities around the world, including Paris, Montreal and Palermo.[95] In 2001, he received the biennial Erich Mühsam Prize (established in 1993), which recognizes outstanding activism on behalf of a liberatory vision of human society in keeping with that of its anarchist namesake;[96] in particular, most of its awardees have been activists in the cause of social justice for persecuted minorities.[97] In October 2002, he was awarded honorary membership of the Berlin-based Association of Those Persecuted by the Nazi Regime – Federation of Antifascists and Antifascist Groups (VVN-BdA).[98]

On April 29, 2006, a newly-paved road in the Parisian suburb of St Denis was named Rue Mumia Abu-Jamal in his honor.[99]

Opposition

In August 1999, the Fraternal Order of Police called for an economic boycott against all individuals and organizations that support Abu-Jamal.[100]

In protest of the street-naming, US Congressman Michael Fitzpatrick (R-PA) and Senator Rick Santorum (R-PA) introduced resolutions in both Houses of Congress condemning the action.[101][102] The House of Representatives voted 368–31 in favor of the resolution.[103]

In December 2006, the 25th anniversary of the murder, the executive committee of the Republican Party for the 59th Ward of the City of Philadelphia (covering approximately Germantown, Philadelphia), filed two criminal complaints in the French legal system against the city of Paris and the city of Saint-Denis citing the wrong of those municipalities' actions in "glorifying" Abu-Jamal and alleging the offense "apology or denial of crime" in respect of their actions.[95][104]

References

Philadelphia portal
  1. ^ Commonwealth v. Abu-Jamal, Pennsylvania Court of Common Pleas, First Judicial District, Philadelphia, Case Nos. 1357-59.
  2. ^ a b "A Life in the Balance: The Case of Mumia Abu-Jamal". Amnesty International. February 17, 2000. http://www.amnesty.org/en/report/info/AMR51/001/2000. Retrieved on 2007-10-18. 
  3. ^ Taylor Jr., Stuart (December 1995). "Guilty and Framed". The American Lawyer. http://www.courttv.com/archive/casefiles/mumia/guilty.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  4. ^ a b "European Parliament resolution 9(f) B4-1170/95 (p. 39 of original, 49 of pdf)" (pdf). European Parliament. September 21, 1995. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/calendar/calendar?APP=PDF&TYPE=PV2&FILE=19950921EN.pdf&LANGUE=EN. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  5. ^ a b c "Supreme Court lets Mumia Abu-Jamal's conviction stand" (HTML). CNN. April 6, 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/04/06/mumia.supreme.court/. Retrieved on 2009-04-06. 
  6. ^ a b "Ex-Black Panther Rejected by U.S. Supreme Court in Murder Case" (HTML). Bloomberg.com. April 6, 2009. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=aa.d8ZdfNEbg&refer=us. Retrieved on 2009-04-07. 
  7. ^ Official Web page for SCI Greene
  8. ^ a b Smith, Laura (October 27, 2007). "'I spend my days preparing for life, not for death'". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,,2198557,00.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  9. ^ a b Burroughs, Todd Steven (2004). "Prologue: Joining the Party". Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party. The College of New Jersey. http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/index.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  10. ^ Abu-Jamal, Mumia (February 7, 2003). "Question for Mumia: Tell Me About Your Name". Mumia Abu-Jamal Radio Broadcast. Prison Radio. http://www.prisonradio.org/maj/maj_2_7_name.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  11. ^ a b Burroughs, Todd Steven (2004). "Part IV: Leaving the Party". Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party. The College of New Jersey. http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/parrt4.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  12. ^ Bisson, p.119 quoted at "The Religious Affiliation of Mumia Abu-Jamal". Adherents.com. September 3, 2005. http://www.adherents.com/people/pa/Mumia_AbuJamal.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  13. ^ Burroughs, Todd Steven (December 2001). "Mumia Abu-Jamal’s Family Faces Future While Fighting Fear 20th Anniversary of 1981 Shooting Approaches". NNPA News Service. http://whosemedia.com/drums/2006/12/01/remembering-13th-and-locust-25-years-later/. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  14. ^ See ages given in: Vann, Bill (April 27, 1999). "Tens of thousands rally in Philadelphia for political prisoner Mumia Abu-Jamal". World Socialist Web Site news. International Committee of the Fourth International. http://www.wsws.org/articles/1999/apr1999/maj-a27.shtml. Retrieved on 2008-01-22.  and Erard, Michael (July 4, 2003). "A Radical in the Family". The Texas Observer. http://www.michaelerard.com/fulltext/2006/08/a_radical_in_the_family_texas.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  15. ^ Hill, Craig (November 6, 1993). "The fight to save Mumia Abd-Jamal: Wadiya Jamal at NYC Rally". The Michigan Citizen. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-2221398.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  16. ^ Abu-Jamal, Mumia (1996). Live From Death Row. New York: Harper Perennial. pp. p.151. ISBN 0-380-72766-8. 
  17. ^ a b Burroughs, Todd Steven (2004). "Part I: "Do Something, Nigger!"". Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party. The College of New Jersey. http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/part1.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  18. ^ Burroughs, Todd Steven (2004). "Epilogue: The Barrel of a Gun". Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party. The College of New Jersey. http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/part5.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  19. ^ Burroughs, Todd Steven (2004). "Part II: The Party in Philadelphia". Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party. The College of New Jersey. http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/part2.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  20. ^ Burroughs, Todd Steven (2004). "Part III: 'Armed and Dangerous': Tracked by the FBI". Ready to Party: Mumia Abu-Jamal and the Black Panther Party. The College of New Jersey. http://www.tcnj.edu/~kpearson/Mumia/part3.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  21. ^ a b c d Shaw, Theodore M.; Chachkin, Norman J.; Swarns, Christina A. (July 27, 2007). "Brief of amicus curiae" (pdf). Mumia Abu-Jamal v. Martin Horn, Pennsylvania Director of Corrections, et al.. NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. http://www.naacpldf.org/content/pdf/jury/Abu-Jamal_v_Horn_amicus_brief.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  22. ^ a b c Burroughs, Todd Steven (September-October, 2004), "Mumia's voice: confined to Pennsylvania's death row, Mumia Abu-Jamal remains at the center of debate as he continues to write and options to appeal his police murder conviction dwindle", Black Issues Book Review, http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0HST/is_5_6/ai_n6194201/pg_1, retrieved on 2008-01-22 
  23. ^ a b c d e "The Suspect – One Who Raised His Voice". The Philadelphia Inquirer. December 10, 1981. http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/12-10a.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  24. ^ Abu-Jamal, Mumia. All Things Censored
  25. ^ "30 Moments in Journalism". National Association of Black Journalists. December 2, 2005. http://www.nabj.org/30/moments/thirty/v-print/story/31591p-46158c.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  26. ^ "Philadelphia AM Radio History". Radio-History.com. http://www.angelfire.com/nj2/piratejim/phillyamhistory.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  27. ^ "Trial and Post-Conviction Relief Act (PCRA) hearing transcripts" (pdf). Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. http://www.danielfaulkner.com/docs/MumiaTrialandPCRAAppealsTranscripts.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  28. ^ "Trial transcript §1.72–§1.73". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Criminal Trial Division. June 17, 1982. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/Days/6-17-82.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  29. ^ "Trial transcript §3.210–§3.211". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Criminal Trial Division. June 19, 1982. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/Days/6-19-82.html#chobert. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  30. ^ "Trial transcript pp.94–95". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Criminal Trial Division. June 21, 1982. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/Days/6-21-82.html#white. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  31. ^ "Trial transcript pp.5–75". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Criminal Trial Division. June 25, 1982. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/Days/6-25-82.html#scanlan. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  32. ^ "Trial transcript pp.75 ff.". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Criminal Trial Division. June 25, 1982. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/Days/6-25-82.html#magilton. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  33. ^ "Trial transcript pp.29, 31, 34, 137, 162 and 164". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Criminal Trial Division. June 24, 1982. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/Days/6-24-82.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  34. ^ "Trial transcript p.169". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Criminal Trial Division. June 23, 1982. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/Days/6-23-82.html#paul. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  35. ^ "PCRA hearing transcript, pp.118–122". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Pleas, First Judicial District of Pennsylvania, Criminal Trial Division. August 2, 1995. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/pcra/95-08-02.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  36. ^ "Trial transcript p.19". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Criminal Trial Division. June 30, 1982. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/Days/6-30-82.html#sanchez. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  37. ^ "Trial transcript p.127". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Criminal Trial Division. June 28, 1982. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/Days/6-28-82.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  38. ^ "Trial transcript pp.99–100". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Pleas, Philadelphia County, Criminal Trial Division. June 29, 1982. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/Days/6-29-82.html#jones. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  39. ^ "Post-Trial Motions transcript p.29". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Pleas, First Judicial District of Pennsylvania, Criminal Trial Division. May 25, 1983. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/Days/5-25-83.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  40. ^ "Trial transcript, pp.3–34". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Please, Philadelphia Criminal Trial Division. July 3, 1982. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/Days/7-3-82.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  41. ^ "Trial transcript, pp.10–16". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Please, Philadelphia Criminal Trial Division. July 3, 1982. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/Days/7-3-82.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  42. ^ "Trial transcript, pp.100–103". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Please, Philadelphia Criminal Trial Division. July 3, 1982. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/Days/7-3-82.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  43. ^ Beverly, Arnold (June 8, 1999). "Affidavit of Arnold Beverly". Free Mumia Coalition. http://www.freemumia.com/beverlydeclaration.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
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  49. ^ Cook, William (April 29, 2001). "Declaration of William Cook". Free Mumia Coalition. http://www.freemumia.com/cookdeclaration.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  50. ^ Pennsylvania v. Abu-Jamal, 555 A.2d 846 .
  51. ^ Pennsylvania v. Abu-Jamal, 569 A.2d 915 .
  52. ^ Abu-Jamal v. Pennsylvania, 498 U.S. 881 .
  53. ^ Abu-Jamal v. Pennsylvania, 501 U.S. 1214 .
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  55. ^ "PCRA hearing transcript pp.204 ff.". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of Common Pleas, First Judicial District of Pennsylvania, Criminal Trial Division. August 11, 1995. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/pcra/95-08-11.html#singletary. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
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  58. ^ "PCRA hearing transcript". Commonwealth vs. Mumia Abu-Jamal aka Wesley Cook. Court of the Common Pleas, First Judicial District of Pennsylvania, Criminal Trials Division. August 2, 1995. http://www.justice4danielfaulkner.com/pcra/95-08-02.html#harkins. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  59. ^ Faulkner, Maureen (December 8–14, 1999). "Running From The Truth". The Village Voice. http://www.prodeathpenalty.com/running.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  60. ^ Pennsylvania v. Abu-Jamal, 720 A.2d 79 .
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  64. ^ See p.70 of the July 2006 appeal brief for Mumia Abu-Jamal before the US Court of Appeal citing the ruling of Judge Yohn in the US District Court, the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and the United States Supreme Court precedent of Mills v. Maryland, 486 U.S. 367 (1988)
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  69. ^ Maurer-Carter, Terri (August 21, 2001). "Declaration of Terri Maurer-Carter". Free Mumia Coalition. http://www.mumia.de/doc/aktuell/20010903mde02en.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  70. ^ Bryan, Robert R.; Judith L. Ritter (July 20, 2006). "Brief on behalf of Mumia Abu-Jamal to the US Court of Appeal" (pdf). Law Offices of Robert R. Bryan. http://www.freemumia.org/articlesnewspg/7-20-06filing.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  71. ^ Conroy, Theresa (September 4, 2001), "She's 'scared' by impact of her allegation – Says Mumia judge made a racist remark", Philadelphia Daily News 
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  73. ^ "3rd Circuit Decision in Abu-Jamal v. Horn" (PDF). March 27, 2008. http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/opinarch/019014p.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-03-27. 
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  75. ^ Carter, Kevin L (May 16, 1994). "A voice of Death Row to be heard on NPR". The Philadelphia Inquirer. http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/5-16-94.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  76. ^ Carter, Kevin L (May 17, 1994). "Inmate's broadcasts canceled". The Philadelphia Inquirer. http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/5-17-94.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  77. ^ "Mumia Abu-Jamal Sues NPR, Claiming Censorship". Court TV. March 26, 1996. http://www.courttv.com/archive/casefiles/mumia/npr.html. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  78. ^ "Inmate's commentaries, dropped by NPR, will appear in print". The Philadelphia Inquirer. March 6, 1995. http://www.fortunecity.com/meltingpot/botswana/509/inqarticles/3-6-95.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  79. ^ Peter Bohmer of Evergreen State College, Washington (May 26, 1999). Mumia Abu-Jamal to Speak at College Graduation Ceremonies. Press release. http://academic.evergreen.edu/b/bohmerp/znetmay99.htm. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
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NAME Abu-Jamal, Mumia
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Cook, Wesley; X, Mumia; Mumia, Wes
SHORT DESCRIPTION Prisoner, Journalist, Broadcaster, Author, Activist
DATE OF BIRTH April 24, 1954
PLACE OF BIRTH Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumia_Abu-Jamal"
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