procfs
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On many Unix-like computer systems, procfs, short for process file system, consists of a pseudo file system (a file system dynamically generated at boot) used to access process information from the kernel. The file system is often mounted at the /proc directory. Because /proc is not a real file system, it consumes no storage space and only a limited amount of memory.
The following operating environments support procfs:
- Solaris
- BSD
- Linux (which extends it to non-process-related data)
- IBM AIX (which bases its implementation on Linux to improve compatibility)
- QNX
- Plan 9 from Bell Labs (where it originated)
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[edit] History
[edit] UNIX 8th Edition
Tom J. Killian implemented the UNIX 8th Edition version of /proc: he presented a paper titled "Processes as Files" at USENIX in June 1984. The design of procfs aimed to replace the ptrace system call used for process tracing.
[edit] SVR4
Roger Faulkner and Ron Gomes ported V8 /proc to SVR4, and published a paper called "The Process File System and Process Model in UNIX System V" at USENIX in January 1991. This kind of procfs supported the creation of ps, but the files could only be accessed with functions read(), write(), and ioctl().
[edit] Plan 9
Plan 9 implemented a process file system, but went further than V8. V8's process file system required operations applied to a single file for all functions related to a process. Plan 9 used separate files to provide those functions, and it made /proc a real part of the file system.
[edit] 4.4BSD
4.4BSD cloned its implementation of /proc from Plan 9. Note that in FreeBSD procfs is being gradually phased out.
[edit] Solaris
Solaris 2.6's /proc (finished in 1996) also cloned Plan 9.
[edit] Linux
The Linux implementation of /proc also clones that of Plan 9. Under Linux, /proc includes a directory for each running process (including kernel processes) at /proc/PID, containing information about that process, notably including:
/proc/PID/cmdline, which contains the command which originally started the process./proc/PID/cwd, a symlink to the current working directory of the process./proc/PID/exe, a symlink to the original executable file, if it still exists (a process may continue running after its original executable has been deleted or replaced)./proc/PID/fd, a directory containing a symbolic link for each open file descriptor./proc/PID/root, a symlink to the root path as seen by the process. For most processes this will be a link to / unless the process is running in a chroot jail./proc/PID/status, a file containing basic information about a process including its run state and memory usage./proc/PID/task, a directory containing hard links to any tasks that have been started by this (i.e.: the parent) process./proc/PID/maps, the memory map showing which addresses currently visible to that process are mapped to which regions in RAM or to files.
It also includes non-process-related system information, although in the 2.6 kernel much of that information moved to a separate pseudo-file system, sysfs, mounted under /sys:
- depending on the mode of power management (if at all), either directory,
/proc/acpior/proc/apm, which predate sysfs and contain various bits of information about the state of power management. /proc/bus, containing directories representing various buses on the computer, such as input/PCI/USB. This has been largely superseded by sysfs under /sys/bus which is far more informative./proc/cmdline, giving the boot options passed to the kernel/proc/cpuinfo, containing information about the CPU, such as its vendor (and CPU family, model and model names which should allow users to identify the CPU) and its speed (CPU clockspeed), cache size, number of siblings, cores, and CPU flags. It contains a value called "bogomips", frequently misunderstood as measure CPU-speed like a benchmark, while it doesn't actually measure any sensible (for end-users) value at all. It occurs as a side-effect of kernel timer calibration and yields highly varying values depending on CPU type, even at equal clock speeds./proc/crypto, a list of available cryptographic modules/proc/devices, a list of character and block devices sorted by device ID but giving the major part of the/devname too/proc/diskstats, giving some information (including device numbers) for each of the logical disk devices/proc/filesystems, a list of the file systems supported by the kernel at the time of listing/proc/interrupts,/proc/iomem,/proc/ioportsand the directory/proc/irq, giving some self-explanatory details about the devices (physical or logical) using the various system resources/proc/meminfo, containing a summary of how the kernel is managing its memory./proc/modules, one of the most important files in/proc, containing a list of the kernel modules currently loaded . It gives some indication ( not always entirely correct) of dependencies./proc/mounts, a symlink to self/mounts which contains a list of the currently mounted devices and their mount points (and which file system is in use and what mount options are in use)./proc/net, a directory containing a lot of really useful information about the network stack, in particular nf_conntrack which lists existing network connections (particularly useful for tracking routing when iptables FORWARD is used to redirect network connections)./proc/partitions, a list of the device-numbers, their size and/devnames which the kernel has identified as existing partitions (for example if /dev/sda contains a partition table, then /dev/sda1 and others will appear as available partitions). Note that if a partition isn't listed in this file, then a patched version of losetup is around which can essentially mount the partition and connect /dev/loop[n] devices to the various partitions (though it is not certain if these will then appear in/proc/partitions)./proc/scsi, giving information about any devices connected via a SCSI or RAID controller- a symbolic link to the current (traversing) process at
/proc/self(i.e./proc/PID/where PID is that of the current process). /proc/slabinfo, listing statistics on the caches for frequently-used objects in the Linux kernel/proc/swaps, a list of the active swap partitions, their various sizes and priorities- Access to dynamically-configurable kernel options under
/proc/sys. Under/proc/sysappear directories representing the areas of kernel, containing readable and writable virtual files.
For example, a commonly referenced virtual file is/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward, because it is necessary for routing firewalls or tunnels. The file contains either a '1' or a '0': if it is 1 then the IPv4 stack will forward packets not meant for the local host, if it is 0 then it will not. /proc/sysvipc, containing memory sharing and IPC information./proc/tty, containing information about the current terminals;/proc/tty/driverlooks to be a list of the different types of tty available each of which is a list of those of each type/proc/uptime, the length of time the kernel has been running since boot and spent in idle mode (both in seconds)/proc/version, containing the Linux kernel version, distribution number, gcc version number (used to build the kernel) and any other pertinent information relating to the version of the kernel currently running- other files depending on various hardware, module configurations, and changes to the kernel.
The basic utilities that use /proc under Linux come in the procps (/proc processes) package, and only function in conjunction with a mounted /proc.
The procfs plays an important role in moving functionality from kernel space to user space. For example the GNU version of ps operates entirely in user mode, using the procfs to obtain its data.
[edit] Cobalt
Note that Cobalt boxes also include a few additions to /proc:
/proc/cobalt, a directory containing cobalt-specific things like the serial number and the systype (system type)./proc/lcd, a read/writable file containing the contents of the front-panel LCD screen. Echoing text to this file changes that on the front panel.
[edit] External links
- A MacFUSE-Based Process File System for Mac OS X
- Access the Linux kernel using the Procfs An IBM developerWorks article by M. Tim Jones
- Linux-Filesystem-Hierarchy Linux Documentation Project
