Glutamine

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Glutamine
IUPAC name
Identifiers
Abbreviations Gln, Q
CAS number 56-85-9
PubChem 738
SMILES
ChemSpider ID 718
Properties
Molecular formula C5H10N2O3
Molar mass 146.14 g mol−1
Supplementary data page
Structure and
properties		 n, εr, etc.
Thermodynamic
data		 Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas
Spectral data UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox references

Glutamine (abbreviated as Gln or Q; the abbreviation Glx or Z represents either glutamine or glutamic acid) is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the standard genetic code. Its side chain is an amide formed by replacing the side-chain hydroxyl of glutamic acid with an amine functional group. It can therefore be considered the amide of glutamic acid. Its codons are CAA and CAG. Recent studies have proven its effectiveness in anabolic muscle growth from prolonged consumption.[citation needed]

Contents

[edit] Nutrition

[edit] Occurrences in nature

Glutamine is the most abundant naturally occurring, non-essential amino acid in the human body and one of the only amino acids which directly crosses the blood-brain barrier.[1] In the body it is found circulating in the blood as well as stored in the skeletal muscles. It becomes conditionally essential (requiring intake from food or supplements) in states of illness or injury.

[edit] Dietary sources

Dietary sources of L-glutamine include beef, chicken, fish, eggs, milk, dairy products, wheat, cabbage, beets, beans, spinach, and parsley. Small amounts of free L-glutamine are also found in vegetable juices and fermented foods, such as miso.[2]

[edit] Functions

Glutamine has a variety of biochemical functions including:

  1. A substrate for DNA synthesis
  2. Major role in protein synthesis
  3. Primary source of fuel for enterocytes (cells lining the inside of the small intestine)
  4. Precursor for rapidly dividing immune cells, thus aiding in immune function
  5. Regulation of acid-base balance in the kidney by producing ammonium[3]
  6. Alternative source of fuel for the brain and helps to block cortisol-induced protein catabolism
  7. As a form of fixed nitrogen by heterocysts, exchanged for photosynthate from undifferentiated cyanobacterial cells

[edit] Use

It is normal in nutritional tablet form to take as a suppository to increase its effects as most of the amino acids are absorbed in the lower stomach. In catabolic states of injury and illness, GLN becomes conditionally-essential (requiring intake from food or supplements). Glutamine has been studied extensively over the past 10–15 years and has been shown to be useful in treatment of serious illnesses, injury, trauma, burns, cancer and its treatment related side-effects as well as in wound healing for postoperative patients.[4][unreliable source?] That is why it is now also classified as a nutraceutical. Glutamine is also marketed as a supplement used for muscle growth in weightlifting, bodybuilding, endurance and other sports.[5]

Glutamine has also been taken to enhance brain function as it fuels two of the brain's most important neurotransmitters: glutamic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). It also assists in nitrogen transportation and reduces toxic build up of ammonia in the brain (though is contra-indicated for those with Reye's Syndrome). Hence, it has been used to aid memory, increase IQ in those with mental retardation, and to support people with schizophrenia and senility.[6]

It has also been used in the treatment of ADHD, anxiety.[7][unreliable source?] and depression.[8][9]

It has also been used in recovery programs to break sugar craving cycles in alcoholics (although is contra-indicated for those with cirrhosis of the liver or kidney disease) and assist diabetics in the management of sugar cravings.[6][10]

It is also used as an anti-inflammatory in the treatment of autoimmune diseases and preserves Glutathione (important for detoxification and immune support) levels in the liver.[10]

Glutamine is contraindicated for those with Reye's syndrome, cirrhosis of the liver and kidney disease.[11][unreliable source?]

[edit] Aiding gastrointestinal function

This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards.

In recent studies, glutamine-enriched diets have been linked with intestinal effects including maintenance of gut barrier function, and cell differentiation. This may relate to the fact that the intestinal extraction rate of glutamine is higher than that for other amino acids, and is therefore thought to be the most viable option when attempting to alleviate conditions relating to the gastrointestinal tract. These conditions were discovered after comparing plasma concentration within the gut between glutamine-enriched and non glutamine-enriched diets. However, even though glutamine is thought to have "cleansing" properties and effects, it is unknown to what extent glutamine has clinical benefits, due to the varied concentrations of glutamine in varieties of food.

[edit] Aiding recovery after surgery

It is also known that glutamine has various effects in reducing healing time after operations. Hospital-stay times after abdominal surgery can be reduced by providing parenteral nutrition regimes containing high amounts of glutamine to patients. Clinical trials have revealed that patients on supplementation regimes containing glutamine have improved nitrogen balances, generation of cysteinyl-leukotrienes from polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes and improved lymphocyte recovery and intestinal permeability (in postoperative patients) - in comparison to those who had no glutamine within their dietary regime; all without any side-effects.[12]

[edit] References

[13]

  1. ^ [1]
  2. ^ "Glutamine". Vitamins & health supplements. http://www.vitamins-supplements.org/amino-acids/glutamine.php. Retrieved on November 1 2007. 
  3. ^ Textbook of Medical Physiology Guyton & Hall (11th edition), p. 393
  4. ^ [2]
  5. ^ John Ivy and Portman, Robert, Nutrient Timing,(Laguna Beach: Basic Health Publications, 2004), page 57
  6. ^ a b [3]
  7. ^ [4]
  8. ^ [5]
  9. ^ [6]
  10. ^ a b [7]
  11. ^ [8]
  12. ^ Morlion, B.J.; Stehle, P.; Wachtler, P.; Siedhoff, H.P.; Koller, M.; Konig, W.; Furst, P.; Puchstein, C. (1998). "Total parenteral nutrition with glutamine dipeptide after major abdominal surgery: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study". Ann Surg 227 (2): 302–8. doi:10.1097/00000658-199802000-00022. http://www.annalsofsurgery.com/pt/re/annos/fulltext.00000658-199802000-00022.htm. Retrieved on 2007-11-01. 
  13. ^ Jian, Z.M.; Cao, J.D.; Zhu, X.G.; Zhao, W.X.; Yu, J.C.; Ma, E.L.; Wang, X.R.; Zhu, M.W.; Shu, H.; Liu, Y.W. (1999). "The impact of alanyl-glutamine on clinical safety, nitrogen balance, intestinal permeability, and clinical outcome in postoperative patients: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study of 120 patients.". JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 23 (5 Suppl): S62–6. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10483898&dopt=Citation. Retrieved on 2007-11-01. 

[edit] External links

v • d • e
The 20 Common Amino Acids ("dp" = data page)
Branched-chain amino acids
Non Branch-chain
Other classifications
Major families of biochemicals
Saccharides/Carbohydrates/Glycosides · Amino acids/Peptides/Proteins/Glycoproteins · Lipids/Terpenes/Steroids/Carotenoids · Alkaloids/Nucleobases/Nucleic acids · Cofactors/ Flavonoids/Polyketides/Tetrapyrroles
v • d • e
Dietary supplements
Types
Vitamins and minerals
Other common ingredients
Related articles
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