Outline

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This article is about the prewriting technique of outlining. For other uses, see Outline (disambiguation).
"Outlining" redirects here. For the musical technique, see lining out.
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An outline or hierarchical outline is a list of related items arranged hierarchically to depict their relationships.

They are often used by students for research papers. Outlines provide a summary showing the logical flow of a paper. They are useful because they:

  1. help the writer organize their thoughts before getting bogged down in word choice and sentence structure;
  2. show which ideas need illustration or elaboration; and
  3. help the writer decide on an organizational technique for the report, whether it be logical, chronological, or categorical in nature.

Contents

[edit] Outlining reports

Textbooks generally recommend that, before constructing an outline, a writer should research the topic and take notes—preferably on index cards—as they go. The notes need not be more than a summary of what the author thinks is important. Each note card normally has a heading (a slug) in the upper-left hand corner. Each slug later becomes a heading, or subheading, in the outline and the writer can later lay their cards on a table, grouping those that belong together. This creates a rough division of the topic. The writer may then put the cards in an order that approximates a final version.

Experts recommend that an outline have three to five main categories. If you have more than that, look for ways to combine smaller segments into broader topics. If you have only one subpoint, integrate it with the point above or reorganize. Also avoid overlapping between categories.

[edit] Alphanumeric outlines

An alphanumeric outline uses Roman numerals, capitalized letters, Arabic numerals, and lowercase letters, in that order. Each numeral or letter is followed by a period, and each item is capitalized:

[edit] Sample alphanumeric outline

Thesis statement: E-mail and internet monitoring; is it really an invasion of the employees' rights in the workplace?
I. Why do over 80% of today's companies monitor their employees?
A. To prevent fraudulent activities, theft, and other workplace related violations.
B. To more efficiently monitor employee productivity.
C. To prevent any legal liabilities due to harassing or offensive communications.
II. What are the employees privacy rights when it comes to EM/S (Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance) in the workplace?
A. American employees have basically no legal protection from mean and snooping bosses.
1. There are no federal or State laws protecting employees.
2. Employees may assert privacy protection for their own personal effects.
B. Bosses believe that work is to be done so privacy is not necessary.

Note that each category above has at least two subcategories.

Some call the Roman numerals above a-heads, the capitalized letters, b-heads, and so on. Some writers also prefer to insert a blank line between the a-heads and b-heads (N.B. these people keep the b-heads and c-heads together, though).

If more levels of outline are needed, lowercase roman numerals and numbers and lowercase letters with single and double parenthesis can be used, although the exact order is not well defined, and usage varies widely. The Chicago Manual of Style[1] suggests the sequence I. A. 1. a) (1) (a) i) (capital roman numerals with a period, capital letters with a period, numerals with a period, lowercase letters with a single parenthesis, numerals with a double parenthesis, lowercase letters with a double parenthesis, and lowercase roman numerals with a single parentheses) for the first seven levels. Another scheme uses I. A. 1. a. i. for the first five levels, then repeats those with a single parenthesis for the next five – I) A) 1) a) i) – and with a double parenthesis for the next five – (I) (A) (1) (a) (i).

[edit] Family Tree outline

Family Tree outlines are used to show people, their spouses and their children in chronological order, like a shorter way to present research.


1. Gregory CURIOUS

A. Patricia JONES (1st marriage)
1. Chloe CURIOUS
2. Lola CURIOUS
B. Katie HOGLEG (2nd marriage)
3. Jenny CURIOUS
A. Paul SMITH (1st marriage)
1. John SMITH
2. Jill SMITH
4. Vincent CURIOUS

Here you can see that Gregory had two wives (Patricia and Katie) and 4 children (Chloe, Lola, Jenny and Vincent) and you can see who he had each child with. You can also see his son-in-law (Paul Smith) and his 2 grandchildren who are Jenny's and Paul's. This is very useful in graphing descendents rather than ancestors.

[edit] Decimal outlines

The decimal outline format has the advantage of showing how every item at every level relates to the whole:

[edit] Sample decimal outline

Thesis statement: ---
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Brief history of Liz Claiborne
1.2 Corporate environment
2.0 Career opportunities
2.1 Operations management
2.1.1 Traffic
2.1.2 International trade and corporate customs
2.1.3 Distribution
. . . . . . . . .

[edit] Outlining stories

Outline is also a name for a prose telling of a story to be turned into a screenplay. Sometimes called a one page (one page synopsis, about 1 - 3 pages). It is generally longer and more detailed than a standard synopsis (1 - 2 paragraphs), but shorter and less detailed than a treatment or a step outline. There are different ways to do these outlines and they vary in length.

[edit] Location outlines

[edit] Plot outlines

In comics, an outline--often pluralised as outlines--refers to a stage in the development where the story has been broken down very loosely in a style similar to storyboarding in film development.

The pencils will be very loose (i.e., the sketch rough), the main aim being to lay out the flow of panels across a page, ensure the story successfully builds suspense and to work out points of view, camera angles and character positions within panels. This can also be referred to as a plot outline or a layout.

[edit] References

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ The Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed., The University of Chicago Press, 1993
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline"
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